Corachol-Nahuan

This background section provides basic information about the phonological inventories of the Cora, Huichol, and Nahua languages as well as the reconstructed inventories of proto-Corachol, proto-Nahua, and proto-Corachol-Nahua.

Proto-Corachol-Nahua

PROTO-CORACHOL-NAHUA (PCN)

PCN Phoneme Inventory

Labials Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops p t k, kw ‘

Fricative s H

Affricate ts

Glide w r y

Nasal m/(mw) n

The liquid probably had both the pronunciation /r/ and /l/, perhaps tied to a register difference between a hard standard and a soft register used for babytalk and/or respect. This difference has been demonstrated for Yaqui also, where the use of l is more frequent in Deer-songs and r more common in other genres, it has also been described for Cora, where l is associated with babytalk, and the author has experienced it in Huichol where l was used more frequently in addressing him, than when speakers addressed each other. Nahuatl of course has developed an elaborate system of honorific and dinutive reference, and it seems makes sense that it would have chosen the “soft” register as the standard register early on in the language’s development, and then continued to innovate new ways of marking respect and affection.

Front Central Back

Close /i/ /ɨ/

Mid /e/ /o/

Open /a/

PCN /ɨ/ reflects PSUA /u/, PCN /e/ reflects PSUA /ɨ/ (Hill 2011). Long and glottalized vowels cannot usually be confidently reconstructed for PCN, since they seem to have been obscured by secondary developments in the individual daughter languages. I only reconstruct length and glottalization when I have a specific reason to think that it must have been present – for example when there are different expected reflexes of a long and a short vowel.

Cora, Huichol and Proto-Corachol

Náayeri (Cora)

Cora: The language traditionally called Cora in the literature is known to its speakers as Naáyeri.

There are at least five major varieties of Náayeri, which can be further subdivided into local communalects: the main varieties are Kuémaruusa'na spoken around Santa Teresa, Yáujke'na spoken around Mesa del Nayar, Chuísetyaana spoken in Jesús Maria, Kuáxa'taana spoken in San Francisco, and Múxateena or Ku'ra spoken in San Juán Corapan/Presidio de los Reyes. The best-documented variant and the one represented in most sources (including the dictionary of the McMahon & McMahon 1953) is Chuísetyaana, but the one that appears to be most conservative is the Múxateena or Ku'ra variety which is not well documented (it is an open question whether the variety of Presidio de los Reyes is the same as the one spoken in San Juán Corapan or closer to the one spoken in Mesa del Nayar - perhaps because of considerable migration from Mesa del Nayar to the lowlands around Presidio de los Reyes).

Proto-Cora Phoneme Inventory

Labials Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops p, pw t, ty k, kw ʔ

Fricative s ʂ h

Affricate ts

Glide w r Y

Nasal m/mw n

The consonant inventory here is based on the one given by Casad (2012:58) except I reconstruct k and kw but not ch, since this is a secondary palatalized development of original k and kw, which is still retained in Cora of Corapan.

Front Central Back

Close /i/ /ɨ/ /u/

Mid /e/

Open /a/

Developments in Cora

• Permitted syllable structures are: CV, CVV, CV’V, CVh, CVVh, CVn, CVs, CV’Vh, CV’Vn,
• Cora introduces glottalization and aspiration of some long vowels.
• Cora labializes stops p and m before a.
• Cora (except the Corapan variety) palatalizes stops t and k before e and i and sometimes a
• Some Coran varieties have palatalization and assibilation of k and kw and t before e and i (only Corapan Cora retains the velar stop here).
• Cora (except Sta. Teresa Cora) changes *y to /r/ before back vowels.
• Cora frequently syncopates unstressed short vowels, and simplifies the resulting consonant clusters, usually eliding the first consonant in the cluster.
• Cora retains some syllable final consonants after syncope, ʂ is retained as such, but coda –l, -n and -r are devoiced and aspirated to -h.
• Cora sometimes has ʂ from *r (e.g. kwaʂpwa “chokecherry” < *kwarupa).
• Cora sometimes has metathesis of medial h to become word final: *tahi “fire” > taih, *tahusa “gopher” > *tauh. This can be used to reconstruct medial h that has been lost in Huichol and Nahuatl.
• 18th century Cora had remnants of final syllables that were reduced to final consonants (e.g. an absolutive suffix –t from *tɨ̀), these have been lost in modern Cora, but have had influence on the accent patterns (Vázquez Soto 2000).
• Some varieties of Cora has a tendency to assimilate an e to an a in a subsequent syllable – this process is also found in Nahuan. E.g. El Nayar Cora háaka “wind”, El Presidio Cora ‘éeka, Santa Teresa Cora ‘áaka from *heka. Casad (2012:10) considers the a-forms to be the original with the e-forms being innovative, I believe comparative evidence shows the opposite is the case (the variation only occurs in syllables preceding syllables with a, comparing with other SUA languages, the roots can often be reconstructed as having had original *e or *ɨ).

Wixárika (Huichol)

Huichol: Known as Wixárika to its speakers, Huichol is considered relatively homogeneous throughout the area where it is spoken, though there is some phonological variation that is sometimes described as free variation and at other times as regional/dialectal (e.g. the realization of the phoneme written as x as either a retroflex sibilant or a trilled r) (Ramos Bierge 2017:42-43). Huichol territory may originally have been considerably greater than the area where the language is spoken today, there is reason to believe the nomadic Guachichil people spoke an eastern variety of Huichol stretching allt the way east into San Luis Potosí – this entire territory from the pacific to Real de Catorce is today part of the Huichol ritual territory.

Figure 0.1 Map of Huichol ritual territory from Stephens, M. Huichol Culture in Mexico, 1910–2019. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Retrieved 18 Jan. 2022, from https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-823.

Huichol Phoneme Inventory (Ramos Bierge 2017:39) Labials Alveolar Postalveolar/ Palatal Velar Glottal Stops p t k, kw ʔ Fricative s/ts ȿ/ř h Glide w ɾ/l y Nasal m n

Front Central Back Close /i/ /ɨ/ /u/ Mid /e/ Open /a/

Permitted syllables are CV, CVV (Grimes 1959 describes consonant groups in non-lento speech, and the onset mpa in one word, however these seem to all be derivable from a canonical CV phonemical syllable structure). • Most (Western) varieties rhotacize postalveolar sibilant ȿ to trill r • Huichol has dropped the last syllables from many nouns, these syllables resurface now as plural suffixes • /e/ is often realized as [a] (and /a/ also at times as [e]), and some sources suggest the two are in free variation (Ramos Bierge 2017:38), though it is unclear whether this variation occurs in all positions, or if it may be conditioned by context (e.g. unstressed position, position before syllables containing certain vowels).

Proto-Corachol

Proto-Corachol phoneme inventory (Casad 2012:58) Labials Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stops p t k, kw ʔ Fricative s h Affricate ts Glide w r y Nasal m/mw n

Front Central Back Close /i/ /ɨ/ /u/ Mid /e/ Open /a/

Correspondences between PUA and proto-Corachol PUA Proto-Corachol

• p *p, *w, *h,
• t *t, *r
• k *k
• kw *kw
• ’ *’
• ts *ts, *s
• s *s
• r *r
• m *m, *ø
• n/*ng *n
• w *w, *v
• y *y
• i *i
• ɨ *e, *a
• u *ɨ, *u
• o *u
• a *a, *e

Correspondences between proto-Corachol and Huichol and Cora (based on Casad (2012:58) with some modifications). Proto-Corachol Huichol Cora

• p p p, pw, w
• t t t
• k k k (tʃ)
• kw k kw (tʃw)
• ’ ’ ’
• ts ts, s ts, s
• s ȿ (rr) s, ʃ
• r r r, ʃ
• m m m
• n n n
• w w w, ß
• y y y, r
• i i i
• e e e
• ɨ ɨ ɨ, u
• u u u
• a a, e a, e

• Both Cora and Huichol has something like a pitch accent (several analyses have been proposed for each Banerjí, Grimes, Kim & Valdovinos). • Accent does not always agree between Cora and Huichol. • Both Cora and Huichol have ɨ from PUA *u, and both also have instances where *u is retained as u in labial environments. • Occasional loss of initial *m before central vowels. • Occasional r from t • Cora ts/s - ʂ • Huichol ts/s - ʂ/r • wi/iw > ɨ CRC š from y: Kweyatl, atoyatl, kweyitl *kweša, hatuša, kwaši

Nahuan and Proto-Nahua

Proto-Nahua Phoneme Inventory

Nahuan is divided into two main groups: Eastern and Western Nahua, a third group, Pochutec, is probably a divergent offshoot from the Western branch. The antiquity of Pochutec has been somewhat exaggerated, Dakin (198x) has shown that it can be reconstructed as having been descended directly from proto-Nahua, rather than a sister to it. What makes Pochutec look so divergent are innovations, but it looks like it developed from a variety that had all of the same characteristics reconstructed for the ancestor of other Nahuan varieties. The phonological differences between Eastern and Western Nahuan are small: Eastern Nahuan vowels are affected by anticipatory vowel assimilation to a greater extent than Western Nahuan. Western Nahua retains PN word initial *y from PCN *h before /e/ which has been lost in Eastern Nahua. In a series of words EN has/i/ from PCN *ɨ̀ where WN has *e. A major difference between Eastern and Western Nahua looks like it could be differing accent patterns, Western Nahua syncopates or drops vowels that are retained in Eastern Nahua and vice versa (pre-PN *totoniki > WN toto:nki “hot” / EN toto:nik; pre-PN *(wo)patakai “it changed” WN opatlak / EN patlaki).

Labials Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stops p t k, kw (ʔ) Fricative s x h Affricate ts ch Glide w l, tl y Nasal m n

Front Central Back Close /i/ /i:/ Mid /e/ /e:/ /o/ /o:/ Open /a/ /a:/

My reconstruction of Nahuan vowels generally follows that of Langacker & Campbell (1978) and Dakin (1982). Dakin has subsequently changed her mind that proto-Nahuan had *ɨ from PUA *u, and believes that Nahuan changed directly from PUA *u to PN *i (and sometimes *e). I think the evidence shows that Campbell and Langacker was right to consider that the development of PUA *u to *ɨ was shared between proto-Nahuan and proto-Corachol. Particularly the fact that both Eastern and Western Nahua have instances of /e/, /i/ and /o/ from PUA *u, suggest that the vowel has undergone a conditioned changed already before proto-Nahuatl and was multiply reflected in proto-Nahuatl. I propose that stressed and long *ɨ́ and long *ɨɨ (also always stressed) became i and i:, whereas unstressed *ɨ̀ became *e, and *ɨ in labial environments became o. The differences between words that have e in Western Nahua and i in Eastern Nahua are then either due to vowel assimilation of *ɨ to *i in a following syllable in Eastern Nahua, or differences in accent in proto-Eastern Nahua (examples are tesi/tisi “grind”, ihte/ihti “stomach”, sentli/sintli “corn”, ). Campbell & Langacker and Dakin also propose a rule raising a to e when stressed, whereas I see the opposite development of assimilating a vowel *e to /a/ in a following syllable – particularly in the Eastern languages. Examples: *yeha “3rd person pronoun” > EN yaha, wehka “fara away” > EN wahka, yeka “nose” > EN yaka, *yehyeka “wind” > EN ahaka, *sem-pa “one-time” > EN sahpa, *kwepa “turn” > EN kwapa etc. '

Proto-Nahua

The following changes happen from PCN to PN.

• PCN palatalizes sibilants *ts and *s before *i and *ɨ to PN *ch and *x
• PCN palatalizes word initial h before e: #he to PN #ye
• PN has lateral reflex /l/ of the PCN liquid *r.
• PN has tl as the lenis reflex of PCN *t before *a, and unstressed *ɨ̀ - extended subsequently to all instances of *ta.
• PCN changes íw, éw, áw to PN o:
• PCN changes *ɨ into e, i, o –
• PCN changes *ɨ: to PN *i:
• PCN changes *ɨ́ to PN *i
• PCN *ɨ̀ to PN *e
• Anticipatory vowel assimilation (especially eastern Nahua): e.g. *teha “2nd person sg pronoun > EN taha, *teepo “fish” > EN toopoh
• Sources of long vowels are: hV, leveling of diphthongs, yi, compensatory lengthening after syncope of final vowels in CVCV roots.
• Saltillo from syllable final -t, -k, -h, -w (from metathesis/syncope),
• Status of ʔ is ambiguous. Word final ʔ comes from previous –t#, there is no clear difference between ʔ and h in other positions.

List of PCN reconstructions

Reconstructed lexemes for proto-Corachol-Nahua

PCN Áro “macaw” < PSUA *haro

Nah. alo “macaw”

Hch. áaru “guajolote silvestre”

Nah. as-tla:n "macaw place"

Nah. as-teka "macaw people"

Nah. ahas- "wing"

Nah. kil-as- "female deity", "woman"

PCN *ásVkɨ/*asɨkɨ “ant” < PSUA *hari-tsuku

Nah. askatl/asketl (seen in the Mexicanism asquel)

Hch. 'aikɨ

PCN *atá “atlatl/bow/blowgun?” < PSUA atá

Nah. atla- "atlatl"

Cr. atá-muii "pierce, shoow w. bow"

PCN *atari “testicle”

Nah. ate "testicle"

Hch. 'atari "testicle"

PCN *até “louse” < PSUA *atɨ

Nah. atemi "louse"

Hch. 'até "louse"

PCN *ayéwV “turtle”

Nah. ayo "turtle"

PCC. ayé "turtle"

Hch. 'ayé "turtle"

Cr. ʂɨ-yé “armadillo” (lit. "hare-turtle");

PCN *hà/*hàri/*páa “water” < PSUA *pahá, *páha

Nah. a:- “water”, a:l- “water”, pa:-ka “wash”, pa:-ti “melt”

PCC. haha "water"

Hch. haa “water”, hari “beber agua”

Cr. hah

*harí-tia “supply w. water” < water+causative

Nah. a:ltia “bathe”

Hch. harítia “supply w. water”'

*pá-ri-tia “supply w. water” < water+causative < PSUA *pari "bathe" +tua "causative"

Nah. paltik “wet”

Hch. ɨɨ-wári “baño”

*haa-ya “juice”

Nah. a:yo:-

Cr. ha’ara’ara’an “jugo”, téha’ara’a “jugoso”

*paati “liquify”

Nah. paati ‘melt’

Yq. bá’ate ‘remojar, revolver con agua’

1. . PCN *haaká “reed”

Nah. a:ka- Hch. háka Cr. haká Yq. baáka

9. *ha-ki “river” Nah. -a:-k “river” (in placenames, e.g. Amatzinac) Hch. áki Cr. haa-tana War. pakó

10. *hana “pull, grab” Nah. a:na Hch. hana “llevar cosa plegadiza/arrastrar, jalar animal”

11. *ha-pɨɨtsa “spray” Nah. a:pi:tsa “have diarrhea” Hch. hapɨɨsa “rociar”

12. *hasí “arrive, reach” Nah. ahsi Hch. aaxíya, axe “llegar varias veces” (Grimes et al. 1981: 140)

13. *ha-to:ya “river” Nah. a:to:ya- Hch. hatuxame

14. *hatsi “seed” Nah. ach-tli Hch. hasí Yq. báchi “maíz”

15. *hatsika “older brother” Nah. achka:-w “older brother, leader” Cr. hatsikame “venus as morning star deity”, haatsi’i “older brother” War. pa’tsí

16. *héisi-/*héika “right/straight” Nah. yex-ka:n-tli “right side”, yek-tli “straight, true, good” Hch. héisérie “derecho/recto” Cr. hé’iyekan “cierto, seguro”

17. *héka “wind/air” Nah. yehyeka, E. Nah. eheka Hch. éekáa Cr. éeka Yq. heéka

18. *henkwa “new” Nah. yankwik, yenkwik Hch. heekwáme Cr. héhkwa, háhkwa

19. *heri ”mind/seat of thought/” Nah. yelpan “chest” Nah. el-/il- (ilnamiki, ilka:wa) Nah. yel-li “liver” E. Nah. elli “liver” Hch. eeriváari ”acordarse”, eeríiya ”es corajudo”

20. *héte “heavy” Nah. yeti-k, E.Nah. eti-k Hch. hété

21. *hetsari “boiled corn” Nah. etsal-li Hch. éesáari “cocido”

22. *híi “drink” Nah. i: Hch. íiya Yq. hé’e “beber” War. ihína

23. *hɨɨsí “eyes”

23b.

• hɨɨsi-pa

“face/front/surface” Nah. i:x Hch. hɨɨxí Cr. hɨ’ɨsí

Nah. i:x-pan Yq. púh-ba < *púsìpa

24. *hɨnekwi “smell” Nah. ihnekwi Hch. ɨkwíya (< *ɨkwi < *ɨnkwi- < ɨ́nèkwí- ) Cr. ɨ’ɨchwe

25. *hɨpá “skunk” Nah. yepa- E. Nah. epa- Hch. ɨpá Cr. ɨɨpih Yq. húpa “zorrillo”

26. *hɨpíya “stalk prey” Nah. ihpi:ya Hch. hupí Cr. heeviya “espiar presa” (S.F.)

27. *hɨsa “awaken” Nah. ihsa Cr. hɨstí “despierto” Hch. hɨ-tɨarika “despertar a alguíen” Yq. buusa “despertar”

28. *hitéwa “say/tell” Nah. ihtoa Yq. teuwa “narrar” Yq. tehwa “decir” War. ihtérani “contar números”

29. *ho(yé) “path” Nah. oh- Cr. huyé Yq. bó’o War. poé

30. *hoose-rawi “jaguar/feline/large predator” Nah. o:selo-tl Hch. húse “oso” Cr. huútse’e “oso” Yq. ousei “jaguar/puma”

31. *hokó “pine” Nah. oko- Cr. hukú

32. *hotɨé “stomach” Nah. ihte- E.Nah. ihti- Hch. hurie-pa, Cr. uehti (Ortega 1732)

33. *h *hotsa < *potsa “be pregnant” Nah. otstli, otstia Cr. hútsa (SF)? watá-husai “se llenó (persona)” Hch. huuxahíya “llenarse”

34. *ikwasi “ripe/cooked” Nah. yuksi, ikwxi Hch. ikwáasi

35. *isV̀ta/*ísatá “lie” Nah. istlakati Hch. iitáarika 36. *ítsaká-ri “armpit” Nah. itskal- Hch. iskwari Cr. ískweitá

37. *ɨye “wife/mother” E. Nah. ye Hch. ɨya “esposa” Cr. ne-ɨh “mi esposa” War. ye’ye

38. *ka “negation”

38b.

• kamo

“no” Nah. ka, Cr. ka, ka-pu

Nah. ahmo, ma-kamo Cr. Kamo 39. *káitsa “gourd/rattle” Nah. aya-cach- Hch. káisa “cuautecomate, sonaja”

40. *kakai “sandals” Nah. kak- Hch. kaakái Cr. ka’akai

41. *kamáw “sweet potato” Nah. kamoh- Hch. kamáwi “camote de castilla”

42. *kari “structure/dwelling/house” Nah. kal- Hch. kíekari “pueblo“ War. karí “casa”, samikári

43. *kari “shaft/stick” Nah. tolkalli “bow” Cr. karí “bone” War. karí “handle of machete”

44. *kasí ”foot/leg” Nah. ikxi Tar. kasí Tep. kahi War. kasí

45. *kate “be in a place” Nah. kateh Hch. katei

46. *káwi- /kao “doglike animal?”

45b.

• kawi-sah /kao-sah

”fox/marten” Nah. ko-yo:tl “coyote”, ko-sah- “marten” Hch. kau-xai “fox”, kau-yumarie “young coyote deity” Yq. káwi-s “zorro”

Nah. kosah- “marten” Hch. kauxai “fox” War. keótsi “zorra”

47. *ke “bite” Nah. ke-tsoma Hch. kéi Cr. raa-che’e

48. *ke- “stand”

47b.

• ke-tsori

“heel” Nah. ke-tsa, ihkak < ke-ká Hch. kéi-pári “tarso del pie”, ke-tɨa “parar”, ke-tá “pie”, ke-puusa “talón”.

Nah. ke-tzol- Cr. chá-tzu’uri (J.M.), ke-tsuri (Corapan)

49. *keema “possible/affirmative/in order” Nah. ke:ma “yes” Hch. keema “be ordered, be possible” 50. * *keema “clothes” Nah. tlakentia “wear clothes”, tlake:ntli “clothes”, ke:ch-kemitl “neck-shawl” Hch. keemári “clothes” War. kemá “blanket”, kemima “arropar”, “cover with blanket”

51. *kɨetsa ”lizard” Nah. kwetz-pal- ”lizard” Hch. keesé Cr. cha’atsaáh

52. *kɨna “kin” Nah. kone:tl, ikno:tl, iknelia, Hch. kɨ́na ‘ esposo’ 53. *kɨpá “hair/forehead/top”

52b.

• kwaa < *koha

“forehead” Nah. ikpa, kopak-, Hch. kɨpá Yq. kóba War. kupá “cabello”

Nah. kwa: < kóha Maya: ko’haw < PNah. *kóha-wa Cr. kwaatsi “frente” War. koá “frente”

54. *kɨpí “butterfly/firefly” Nah. kopi-, ikpi- “firefly” Hch. kɨɨpíi “butterfly” 55. *kɨtsi “neck” Nah. ke:ch- “neck/stick” < EPN *kétsì < *ketsí < PCN *kɨtsí Hch. kɨɨ-pí “pescuezo” < PC *kɨ́s-pí <*kɨ́sìpí Cr. kɨhpí < *kɨs-pi War. kusí “rama” Tepi. kusi(vo)

56. *kɨyawi “rain”

Nah. kiyawi “rain” Cr. che:vime/che:vinta “ort des Regens”, che:vi “Regengötter” (Preuss) Hch. kiéviexa “tiempo de llúvias”

57. *ko “hole/hollow”

• komi

”hole/hollow”

• koyo

”hole”

Nah. komitl, komo:lli (komiwari) Cr. –kun ”hollow” (Casad 2012)

Nah. koyoktli ”hole”, koyo:ni Hop. koro, qölö ”hole, cave. hollow” 58. *koi “peccary” E. Nah. koyametl “pig/peccary” Hch. kui “grito de puerco” War. ku’sígoi “jabalí”, koí “puerco”

59. *koko-ri “chile/hurt/spicy” Nah. kokoa, kokol- Hch. kuukuri “estar enchiloso, chile” Cr. ku’ukuri “chile”

60. *koo “snake” Nah. ko:wa:- Hch. kú Cr. ku’uku’u

61. *kori “hook, bend” Nah. chikolli “hook”, koloa “bend” Hch. tsikuri ”codo” 62. *koosa “nacreous, rainbow”

58b.

• koósa-ka “shell/pearl/necklace”

koosa-maloo- “rainbow” Hch. ha-kukuwí, kuwiwi Cr. ku’usa’a Nah. kos-tik “yellow”, Yq. kurues “arco iris/mazacuate”

Nah. koska- Hch. kúka “chaquira, cuello de chaquira” Yq. koóka “necklace” Yq. koóyom “clam”

63. *koro “scorpion/centipede” Nah. kolotl “scorpion” Hch. kɨɨrúi “milpiés, centipede” Cr. ku’uruí ‘luciernaga’ Hop. koro “cave” (Hch. terɨka = scorpion, terɨ “cave”)

64. *kotsi “sleep”

60b.

• kotsi-tɨa

“make sleep” Nah. kochi Hch. kusí, kusú Cr. kutsú “está dormido”, watákutsi “duerme!”

Nah. -kochitia Hch. kusitɨarika Cr. watá-kuste “duérmalo!”

65. *kwa “eat”

61b.

• (ta-/i-)kwa-ri

”food” Nah. kwa, Hch. kwaiyá Cr. ra-kwa’a “lo come” War. ko’a-ni

Nah. tla-kwa-l-li Hch. ikwai Cr. kwa’i-rá

66. *kwaɨ(-rawi) “eagle” Nah. kwaw- Cr. kwa’ɨra’abe

67. *kwasí “cook/become ripe” Nah. ikwxitia Hch. kwayɨ, kwasé, kwásí

68. *kwasí/*kwáyi “tail/skirt” Nah. kwe(yi), kwachtli “manta”, kwexan- “lap Hch. kwaxí “tail” Cr. kwasí War. wahsí Tbr kwayit “skirt” Myo. koarim “skirt”.

69. *kwei “take” Nah. kwi: Hch. kwei, kweiya “agarrar cosa larga/llevar para allá” Cr. chwi “ausziehen, nehmen, herausnehmen” (Preuss)

70. *kweitsi “grind” Nah. kwechoa < kwetsiwa Cr. kwaihtsi ”masa” 71. *kwéya “frog” Nah. kweya-tl Hch. kwáxah Cr. táa-chwi, chwihse (pl.) Yq. bátat

72. *kwɨ́e “earth” Nah. kwe-mi-tl “furrow” Hch. kwíe Cr. chweh War. we’é

73. *kwíka “sing” Nah. kwi:ka “sing”, kwi:katl “song” Hch. kwikari “cantar”, kwitɨrika “hacer cantar” Cr. chwíikari, chwíkarɨ’ɨ “canción” Yq. bwikam

74. *kwiri “worm” Nah. okwili- Hch. kwíxi

75. *kwisi- “bird of prey” Nah. kwixi-n Hch. kwixi “lechuza”, kwixɨ “gavilán de cola roja”

76. *kwitá “excrement” Nah. kwitla- Hch. kwitá Cr. chwita

77. *kwitási “intestine/cord/leather” Nah. kwitlax- Hch. kwitáxi

78. *kwitsi “smoke/soot” Nah. kwich- “soot” Hch. kɨsí “humo”

79. *ma “hand”

• ma:ka

“give”

• ma:ma

“carry”

Nah. ma:(yi) Hch. mama Cr. mwahka

80. *mahi “maguey”

76b.

• mahi-ka

“agave fiber rope”

76c.

• mahi-sa

“baked agave fiber” Nah. me- Hch. mai “mezcal (planta)” War. mahí

Nah. meka-

Nah. mes-kal-li, mes-ki-tl Cr. mwaisah “ixtle” Hch. maixa

81. *matá- “again” Nah. mahtla-k- “ten”, matla:ni “help, reciprocity” Hch. tamaa-mata “ten”, ata-xewi “six”, ata-huuta “seven” Cr. tamwa-mahtaa “ten”, aráh-sebi “six”, araa-wa’apwa “seven”

82. *maɨsi “vapor/cloud” Nah. mex-/mix- “clouds” Hch. aɨxi “vapor”

83. *makoi(ri) “five” Nah. mahkwil- Cr. mwahkwah “cuatro” Tep. maakob “cuatro” War. makói “diez”

84. *mana ”extend/tend” Nah. mana, mani Hch. mana, mane

85. *maotsi “all” Nah. mochi /nochi Cr. ansi-bi “cinco” Hch. auxɨwi “cinco”

86. *masa “deer” Nah. masa:- Hch. máxá Cr. mwasá Yq. maáso

87. *mati “know”

83b

• mati-ka-ni

“sage/wise person” Nah. mati Hch. mate, maríiya/maatíya “conocer/saber”, Cr. mwa’ate “conocer”, mwa’aré “saber”,

Nah. tla-mat-ki, tla-mati-ni Hch. mara’a-kame

88. *matsi “taste/feel/know”

84b

• matsi-ya

“knowledge/sign”

Nah. machilia “taste, feel”, machilistli “knowledge”

Nah. mach-yo-tl “sign”, Cr. mwatsi-ra “its knowledge”

89. *meta “metate” Nah. metla- Hch. máta, méta

90. *métsa “moon” Nah. mets- Cr. más-kɨrai Hch. metsa/mesa, metseri/meseri War. metsá

91. *mɨi “shoot bow/pierce”

87b

• ta-mɨi-tori

“bow” Nah. mi:ni, mi:na Cr. raatámuii, tyu’utámuii Hch. mɨiya

Nah. tlawito:lli “bow/reed for shooting/piercing”, lit. “piercing-reed”, tolkalli “bow” Cr. tú’u-na-mɨ’ɨ “arco”, tyú-ta-mwini “tirar con arco”

92. *mɨi- “arrow” Nah. mi:- Cr. ɨ’ɨrɨ Hch. ɨrɨ

93. *mɨiya “many/much” Nah. mi:yak Hch. mɨiré “muchos”, mɨixa “mucho tiempo” Cr. mui’í

94. *mɨki “die” Nah. miki Hch. mɨki Cr. mɨ’ɨ

95. *mɨsi/*mɨtsi “moustache/catfish/vagina” Nah. michi- Hch. mɨxí “bagre”

96. *mɨɨ́ya “corn tassel” Nah. miyawa- ‘corn tassel/corn flower’ Cr. mueeyu War. mulá

97. mɨraka “wasp” Nah. mi-miya:-wa-tl (mimiauatl ‘abeja otra, que haze panal en los arboles’ (Molina) Hch. mɨráka ‘avíspa’ (Grtimes et al 1981:73)

98. *moni “son in-law” Nah. mon- Hch. mun Cr. -mu’un War. mo’né

99. *mosa “tomorrow” Nah. mo:stla Hch. uxa’á 100. *motɨra “squirrel” Nah. moto Hch. muútirá

101. *nawa “root”

• neriwa

“edible root” Nah. -nawa-k Hch. naná Yq. naáwa War. nawá

Hch. ínieri “raíz que se saca de la tierra” Cr. ínee “raíz” Nah. nelwa “root” E. Nah. nalwa

102. *nakári “nopal” Nah. naka- “meat” Hch. nakári Cr. naká Tb. nakasít

103. *nakása “ear” Nah. nakas- Hch. naaká Cr. nasaíh War. nahká Tb. nakár

104. *naki “want/desire” Nah. neki Hch. naké, nákíerie “gustar” Cr. nahche

105. *námwa “steal”

100b.

• náwari

”thief/nagual” Nah. namo:-ya “steal” Hch. nawa “robar”, Cr. nawa’a “robar”

Nah. nawal- “nagual”, Hch. nawari “thief”

106. *namwá “hear”

	Nah. na:wa “clear sound”

Cr. namwa “hear” 107. *namiki “meet, confront” Nah. namiki “meet” Cr. namiche “einander begegnen” (Preuss) 108. *nasí “lime” Nah. nesi Hch. naxí Cr. nasí

109. *nasitɨma “nixtamal” Nah. nextamal- Cr. násimwáh (Jesús María), násimwahari (San Francisco), nemhwah (Corapan);

110. *nawi “four” Nah. na:wi Hch. nawka War. naó

111. *naho “opuntia”

106b.

• náho-tsi

“tuna” Nah. nohpalitl < *naho-pari Yq. naábo

Nah. no:ch- War. napó 112. *neiwi “borrow” Nah. tlane:wia Hch. niɨ

113. *nenɨ “tongue” Nah. nene-tl ”vagina/clitoris”, nenepil ”tongue” Cr. nanuri (Corapan: nenuri) Hch. není Yq. níni

114. *nieri ”see/appear” Nah. nesi ”appear/become visible”, nel-li “truth” Hch. neriú? “really?”, niere “existir/mirar” 115. *nioka / niotsa “speak” Nah. no:tsa Poch. nuka’ Hch. niuka Yq. noóka “hablar”

116. *naso/*noso “or” Nah. noso Cr. nasu/nusu (Preuss ) 117. *oki-(tsi) “man” Nah. okich- Hch. uki

118. *omi “bone” Nah. omitl, omitetl Hch. umé

119. *ora “degrain corn”

114b

• yori

“degrained corn” Nah. tla-oya “desgranar” (Karttunen 1986:288), tlao:lli ‘corn kernels’, o:lo:tl ‘olote/degrained corn cob’ (Karttunen 1986:178) HCh. úrika (McIntosh & Grimes 1996 (1954):62 ) War. ola-ní “desgranar”

Nah. tla-yo:l- Hch. úri-yaari “maíz desgranado” Cr. yuuri-t “maíz”

120. *owa “corn stalk/cane” Nah. owa- Hch. úha

121. *páhata-ri “medicine/venom” Nah. pah-tli Cr. waátari (Hch. úhayé) War. patári “tesgüino”

122. *pai/*hai “meat”

117b

• (hai-)sore

“blood” Nah. ye- “beans” E.Nah. e- ”beans” Hch. vái “carne muerta” Cr. wai’-ra’a “carne” P-Tep. *bávi ”beans” (Bascom 1965:130#4A)

Nah. yes- ”blood” < *hé-sò(l)- E. Nah. es- Cr. suuré ”sangre” Hch. xuuré ”sangre”

123. *paɨri “thing/flat thing/tool”

• paɨre-wia

“help” Nah. -pal-, pa- (tepalka- “sherd”, kochpal “sleepyhead”, te:nxipal, macpal, xocpal, nohpalitl, wapal, mekapal, papalotl?, kwetzpalin?” Hch. kéipári “tarso del pie”, páɨri “thing” Cr. chepwari “planta del pie”

Nah. palewia, -pal Hch. párevíe Cr. vaɨre

124. *paisɨw “coatimundi” Nah. peesoh- Hch. háisɨ War. tsuréi “coati”, pintsúri “tejon”

125. *pata “swap/barter/change” Nah. patla Hch. pata Cr. pwátata (de Ortega 1732)

126. *payi/ “three”

124b.

• hayi

“three” Cr. waika Yq. báhi

Nah. yeyi E: Nah. eyi Hch. háika

127. *pe- “privative”

122b.

• si-pé

“peel/flay”

Cr. atari-pe “capar”,

Nah. xipe:wa, xipets- War. pesú-na “to peel, to skin”

128. *peta/*hi(peta) “mat” Nah. petla- Hch. ítári “manta, tendedera” < *híhetá Cr. itari “sudadero” Yq. hipetéki “cama”, hipetam “petate”

129. *peewa “skin/hide/bark” Nah. ye:wa-yo-, E. Nah. e:wayo- Yq. beéa

130. *pɨɨtsa “blow” Nah. pi:tsa Hch. hɨɨsie, hɨɨsíya, ipɨɨsíya “soplar” Cr. titáhɨ’ɨtsi “soplar” Yq. púhta “soplar” War. pupútse-na

131. *pɨra/hɨra ”elote Nah. yelo- < *hɨrá-wa Hch. pɨra-ni

132. *pɨri “appendage/lip”

127b.

• pɨ́riwa /*pɨ́rika

“hang” Nah. pil- Cr. biirúh Yq. ten-beri Op. ténpira Tbr. tínipurir

Nah. piloa / pilka Hch. viyé-rika, víiva “colgar”

133. *pɨ́ya/*pɨrí “tie” Nah. ilpia, pi:ya Hch. hɨiríka “amarrar”, víva “amarrar”, hɨriká “cuidar” viya “agarrar”, viiyárika, vieríka “agarrar para levantar”, píiya “quitar”, War. pula-ní “amarrar al pie”

134. *píyɨ ”bee” Nah. pipiyol Cr. pihpua’ana Hch. virɨ́kɨ (especie de abeja)

135. *póoro “stub” Nah. po:l-, -tepo:n, tepo:ltik “stubbed, rabón” Hch. púru “rabón, mocho”, purúsi “cosa mocha, pene de niño”, panapúru “rabón, no tiene cola” Cr. sɨɨ-tepu’u “dedo mocho”, akɨtepu’u “rabo”

136. *posa “inflate, become vapor” Nah. posa:wa “inflate, swell”, poso:ni “boil” Cr. hapuútsari “vapor”, pɨskaari “vapor” (see also *hotsa “pregnant”)

137. *pootsi “inflate, become fluffy, become big/round” Nah. tlapochina “make wool or cotton fluffy”, pochotl “cottonwood” Cr. puuchíra’a “gordo”, 138. *sahi-pɨ/*sahi-yori “fly” Nah. sayoli- Hch. xaipɨ Cr. sáihiru, sa’ihrú (pl.) < *sahiyo War. so’óri

139. *sa:wa “rash, pustule, skin sickness” Nah. sa:wa- War. sahíwari “sarampión” 140. *saɨri/*sauri “waste/useless/worn out/dried up” Nah. so:l-, Cr. saɨri “basura” Hch. xaure “seco, maduro”

141. *saki “roasted corn” Nah. iski- Hch. xaakí War. sakí “esquite”

142. *samwá/*sawá/*samá/ “leaf” Nah. ixwa Hch. xawá, xamuá, xamá Cr. samwá Yq. sáwa “hoja” War. sawá

143. *saori/(*suaori?) “quail” Nah. so:li-n Cr. sáuh (S.F.) Hch. xɨ́au

144. *see “ice/cold” Nah. sekkwi, se:wa, setl, se:wia Hch. xeeri Cr. wa-see “hace frio”, seeri “hielo”

145. *se-mwi “one” Nah. se:(m) Cr. saɨ́ < sewi Hch. xewi Yq. senu (senu taká “twenty”)

146. *si “grandmother” Nah. sih- Hch. kuɨsi War. su’sú “abuela” Hop. so’-wuuti “old woman” (wùuti = married woman)

147. *siha “earth? clay? sand?”

143b.

• siha-mɨ

“adobe”

143c.

• siha-ri

“sand”

Nah. xami “adobe”

Hch. xɨɨ-nari “adobe” < *sɨhà-nari? Tara. supa-nari? (Dakin 1982)

Nah. xal- Cr. seh “arena“, sa’a-taa “arenal” < *sea, sari “lodo” Hch. xie-kári Tb. sihát Yq. see War. seté

148. *soɨ́-taari/*sóɨ-rawe “star” Nah. sitla:l- Hch. xuurawe Cr. sú’ura’abe, Sautari (venus deity) War. so’-póri Hop. soo-hu

149. *sowí- “hare” Nah. sih- Hch. xɨ-yé “armadillo (“*sòwí-ayé” hare-turtle)”, ta-tsiú “conejo” (rodent-hare). Hop. sowi “hare”

150. *siko/sikò-tení-potsi “navel” Nah. xik-, te:mpotza “pout” Hch. xɨtemúsi Cr. sipu-tsi

151. *sɨnɨ “corn” Nah. sen- E. Nah. sin- War. sunú Hop. sööngö “corn cob”

152. *sɨniwa “woman” Nah. si:wa/so:wa < *sɨ́nwa < *súnìwa Tep. honiga “wife” Tbr. sonár ”esposa”

153. *siori “salamander” Nah. a:xo:lo-, xo:lo, Hch. siuri “ajolote”

154. *sisi “urine/urinate” Nah. axixa Hch. xíxi Cr. se’e “está orinando”

155. *sɨtɨ́ “nails” Nah. iste- E.Nah. isti- Cr. sɨté “dedo” Hch. xɨté Yq. sútum

156. *síwa-tsi “flower” Nah. xochi- Cr. suúsu’u Yq. seéwa War. sewá

157. *síwi/*siwa “sour/green” Nah. xo-xo:wi ‘green’, xiwitl, xo-ko ‘sour’, Hch. siɨ-raɨye ‘verde’, siɨ-ríya “amargo, sína “ácido” Cr. tsíhibi “amargo” Yq. siáli “verde”

158. *síwita “bloom” Nah. xo:tla Cr. súta’a Hch. xutu Hop. si’yta

159. *sokori “jug” Nah. sosokol- Hch. xukúuri “jícara ceremonial”

160. *táhi “fire” Nah. tle-tl Cr. taih Hch. tai Yq. táhi

161. *tahkai ”late” Nah. tlahka ”late”, teotlak ”evening” Hch. taikai ”hacerse tarde”, tákai ”ayer” Cr. tahkai ”ayer” Hop. tapki ”become late”

162. *táho- “rodent”

158b

• táho-sa

“gopher”

158c

• táo-tsio

“rabbit” PUA *tapo Yq. taábu “rabbit”

Nah. to:sa Cr. tauhsa Hch. téuxa

Nah. to:ch- Hch. tásiu Yq. tébos War. te’pósi ”topo”

163. *taaká “human/body” Nah. tla:katl Cr. teteka “man pl.” Yq. taká “cuerpo”

164. *táka “middle” Nah. tlahko, teotlak, Cr. tákwaríspwa “mediodia”; hei-ta’a “mitad”;

165. *takai(ri) “fruit” Nah. tlakil- “fruit”, tlaki “give fruit” Cr. táka’i “fruta”, táka’a ”da fruta” Hch. tákári “fruta que tiene la forma de una bola”

166. *taame ”tooth” Nah. tla:n Cr. tamé Hch. tame War. tamé

167. *tamV “finish” Nah. tlami Cr. tamáa-mata “diez” (lit. finish again)

168. *tapári- “greet, embrace” Nah. tlahpaloa “greet” < tapáriwa , napaloa “embrace” Hch. tapárika “abrazar” 169. *ta-sika-ri “something griddle-roasted” Nah. tlaxkal- Yq. tahkaim “tortilla” (loan from Nah?)

170. *táta “burn (intransitive)”

166b.

• tataiya

“burn (transitive)” Nah. tlatla Cr. táhtaa “se quema”

Nah. tlatia Hch. taiyá Cr. raa-tátaira ”lo quema”,

171. *taw “sun” Nah. to:-na Hch. tau Cr. tau-mua “amarillo”

172. *tawá “get drunk” Nah. tlawa:na Cr. tɨ́tawá, watátawai “emborrachado” Hch. tawáiya “emborracharse”

173. *tawári “egg/ turkey hen” Nah. to:toli-n “turkey hen”, to:tol-te-tl “egg” Hch. tawáari “huevo” Cr. ta’u Yq. tótoi War. to’torí

174. *táwe “hawk/eagle” Nah. tohtle, tlohtle War. ta’iwe Related to Cr. kwa’ɨra’awe? And to #33 “predator?”

175. *tawi “chest/body” Nah. -tlo-k < *tlawi-ko Hch. tawí Cr. tabíh

176. *táwi “day/light”

172b.

• tawiri

“light”

172c.

• ta-tawi(ri)

”firefly”

Nah. to:-na “day/sun/heat” < *táwì-na War. tawé/rawé

Nah. tlawilli “light” < *tawí-ri,

Nah. tlatlawil- (Hueyapan, Morelos) Hch. tátáveme

177. *tawVne “smart/itch” Nah. to:ne:wi Cr. ne-tauné “me da comezón” 178. *te “rock”

174b.

• teri

Nah. te-, Hch. teté “piedra” Cr. teté “piedra”

Nah. tetel- ”stone mound”, teleksa “kick” <*terikasa 179. *te- “descend” Nah. temo Hch. teeyá “bajar”

180. *te:ka “lay down” Nah. te:ka War. teká-na 181. *te’pɨ “flea” Nah. tekpin- Cr. tepɨ́ Hch. tepɨ Yq. téput War. tehputsí

182. *tehari/taari ”earth”

178b.

• tepári

”rock, clay” Nah. tla:l

Nah. tepe:tl “mountain”, tepal-katl “pot sherd” Hch. tepári ”piedra que tapa el pozo ceremonial” Op. téve ”earth” (Stubbs 2011#757/Shaul 2007)

183. *tésàká/*téka ”obsidian/flint”

179b.

• tékà-pári

“flint/knife” Cr. tehka ”obsidiana” Hch. téka “Piedra vidriosa” Nah. teska- ”obsidian mirror”

Nah. tekpatl “flint” 184. *tesikari “cliff/rock-wall” Nah. texkal- “cliff/rockwall” 185. *tekuru/tukuri “owl” Nah. tekolotl Cr. túku-pwa’an Hp. tokori

186. *teki/*taka “break/cut” Nah. teki “cut”, ma:taka “touch w. hand”, Hch. tekiya, teki “romper, reventar”” 187. *telori “round thing/ball” Nah. telolli, i:x-tolol- Tb. telor

188. *temá “bake/steam food”

183b.

• ta-tema-ri

“something baked” Nah. temaskal-, Cr. temwá “tamal”, Cr. té’imwa “tatema” War. mahi-túme “tatemar”, mahi-temáe-na “tatemar”

Nah. tamal “tamale” 189. *temɨ “dream” Nah. temiki War. temú-na “soñar”, temúrewa ”sueño”

190. *téni “mouth/lips” Nah. te:n- Cr. teni “boca” Hch. téni “mouth” Yq. téeni

191. *tepɨ́(sa)/*tepɨ́wasa “metal/axe” Nah. tepos- Hch. tepɨa Cr. tepuaíh Yq. tepuam War. tehpulá

192. *tepó “fish” E. Nah. toopoh “little edible fish/fish (Mecayapan)” Tbr. tepó “bagre” SE.Tepn batoop “pez”

193. *téso “cave” Nah. osto Cr. tastaa < from either *teso-ta or *terɨta Hch. terɨ, teerɨ-ta, terɨka “alacrán (cave dweller)” Yq. teéso War. tesó Hop. tɨ̀ɨso (tùusö)

194. *tesoni “tezontle” Nah. teson- Hch. texuni

195. *tétsi “squirrel” Nah. tech-alo- Hch. tekɨ “ardilla gris” (*tetsi-kɨ?) Cr. tétsi’i “salamanequesca” (gekko)

196. *tewá “see” Nah. itta < itwa < tèwá War. tewa-ní

197. *téwaka “plant/bury” Nah. to:ka “plant/bury” Hch. tuarika “plantar”, teukíya “enterrar”, itéɨri “plantar” Cr. tye’ukwa “plantar”, wíité “enterrar”

198. *téwa-ka “name”

193b.

• téwakari “namesake/grandfather”” Nah. to:ka “name”

Hch. tewa “be called”, Cr. ántewaa “se llama”

Nah. to:kayi- “name inherently possessed/namesake” Hch. tewkari “nieto/abuelo, el que da nombre”

199. *téwari “ancestor /grandfather/grandchild” Cr. tu’uru “great grandfather” Nah. *to:l- ? Hch. tewarí

200. *téewi “person/people”

Nah. te:- “animate unspecified prefix”, -tekatl “person from X”, Cr. tebi, téteka “hombres” Hch. tewi “person”, teɨteri “people” 201. *téwi/*rewí “say/tell” Nah. ilwia, ihtoa < *hitewa Hch. terɨwarika “dar nombre” Yq. téhwa

202. *tewí-ka “sky” Nah. ilwika < *rèwíka Cr. téwi Yq. téeka War. teweká

203. *téwri/téwki

“leg/thigh”	Cr. tɨhchi

Hch. téuri, tema (muslo de pantorilla) Nah. to:lin “cattail reed”?

204. *tɨɨ- “black” Nah. tlil- “black colour” < tɨri, (maybe teskatl “obsidian mirror”?) Cr. tɨɨxáari “carbon, brazas”, tɨkáari “night”, tɨya “apagar”

205. *tɨkí “carry small things” Nah. itki, tlatki Hch. tɨkɨ Cr. raa-tɨhkɨ

206. *tɨri/*teri “child/young person” Nah. te:l-poka “youth” Hch. tɨrí “niños, hijos”

207. *tɨsi ”grind” Nah. tesi, textle E.Nah. tisi, tixtli Hch. tɨɨxí, ”moler”, tɨxi ”masa” Cr. tɨ’ɨsɨh War. tusu-ná Hop. toosi “flour of sweet corn”

208. *toása “shoot/throw” Nah. tla:sa “throw, shoot” Hch. túaxíya, tuaxa “tirar piedras, cazar con rifle”

209. *toíya “sell” Nah. ti:ya-n-kis- “market” Hch. tuiya “vender”

210. *toká “spider” Nah. toka- Cr. tu’uká Hch. tuká

211. *tono/*tano “knee” Nah. tla:n-kwa: Hch. tunú Cr. tunú Yq. tónom Hop. tamö(‘at)

212. *tosá “white/salt” Nah. ista-tl, ista-k, ti:satl Hch. tuxá Yq. tósali War. tohsána-ni

213. *tsapa “tilapia/mojarra” Nah. tsahtsapalin ‘tilapia” Hch. sáapa Cr. tsaahpwa

214. tsaa “spin thread/braid” Nah. tsa:wa “spin thread” Hch. saa- “entretejido, trenzado” 215. *tsári-ta “between/beside” Nah. tsal-la:n Cr. tsáhta’an “entre cosas”, tsaréh “lado” Hch. -tsari “between” Yq. tsahpa

216. *tséiya “see” Nah. chi:ya Cr. séihra Hch. xeiya

217. *tsi “point, thorn” Nah. its- “obsidian/knife”, chimalli “shield (point-taker)” Hch. sikári “espina de maguey”, sikúri “angulo, codo”, xikaunari “tener filo”

218. *tsi/*tsitsi/ “dog”

211b

• tsikuí

“dog” Nah. chichi, Hch. síi-nuu “cachorro” War. ku’tsí ”perrito”, tsuhtsúri ”perro”

Cr. tsɨ’ɨ(kɨ [pl.]) Hch. sɨkɨ Nah. itzkwi-n-

219. *tsɨ́ɨ-na “suck” Nah. chichi:na Hch. sisíiya “mamar” Yq. chuune “chupar” Hp. tsòotsona

220. *tsɨhiwa “make” Nah. chi:wa > *tsɨhi-wa War. cuʔpíba-ni “to finish” (Miller 1996: 333) Yq. chupa “finish, complete; fulfill a vow; get married; create” Molina et al. 1999: 37

221. *tsikiwi “basket” Nah. chikiwi-tl Cr. sikɨri 222. *tsiko “crooked/left side”

214b

• tsikori

“elbow/hook” Nah. chiko “crooked”, chikw- (prefix in numerals 6-9)

Nah. chikol “hook” Hch. sikúri “elbow”

223. *tsɨkwinai/tsokwinai “jump/run” Nah. tsekwini Hch. suníya Cr. tsukwi, tsunai

224. *tsisi/*tsime ”breast/breast milk” Nah. chichiwal, chichina Cr. tsí’iméh “leche”, tsitsi Hch. sísi “senos, tetas”

225. *tsitsika “nettle” Nah. chichikas- Hch. tsikwaki-riya “tener comezón” Cor. itsiskai (Ortega 1732)

226. *tsíwaka “cry”

218b.

• tsiwa-Ci-tɨa

“make cry”	Nah. cho:ka

Hch. suáka, suaríya

Nah. choki-tia Hch. tsuari-tɨa

227. *tsiya “fat/grease” Nah. chiya:wa Cr. neéchira’a grasosa (cosa), puuchira’a “gordo”

228. *tso “sew” Nah. tsotsoma “sew”, tsotsol- “clothes” Hch. ixuuriki “ropa”

229. *tsome “mucus/snot/pus” Nah. tsom- (tsompilli “snot”) Hch. sumé Cr. tsu’umé War. tso’ma

230. *tsómi ”hair” Nah. tson-tli Cr. sune ”sich das Haar ordenen” (Preuss) Yq. choónim

231. *tsopona ”sit croslegged” Nah. tsopontok ”sitting down, stuck” (nimotzoponis – “Me sentaré” Xochitlahtoli N.D.) Rar. chopona “cross one's legs” (Hilton 1959: 29)

232. *tsóri “nose” Nah. yeka-tsol-, ketsol- Hch. súri ”naríz, hocico” Cr. tsú’úri ”naríz”, chá-tsúri ”talón”

233. *túusa “chalk” Nah. ti:sa- Hch. túxári “tierra blanca”

234. *wa “dry”

225b.

• waki

“dry”

225c.

• watsV

“dry sth”

Nah. waki Hch. wakíri “seco” War. wagi-ná “seco”, wagipá-ni “secar”

Nah. watsa “dry sth.” Hch. wasiɨxari “secarse” 235. *wapu-/ “two”

226b.

• ho:

“two” Cr. wa’apwa Yq. wói “dos” War. woká

Nah. o:-me Hch. hu-ta

236. *wari “back” Nah. -wa:l- “cislocative movement prefix” Hch. wari “espalda”, warie “atrás” Cr. warih “espalda”, warita’an “detrás”

237. *wau/*hau “lie down”

228b.

• wauka/*hauka

“be lying down” Nah. ono “lie down” Hch. hu “acostarse”

Nah. ok “lying down” Cr. waka’a “sentado”, auhka “acostado” Yq. bo’oka

238. *wawe “amaranth” Nah. waw- Hch. wáawe “amaranto”; Cr. béweh Hop. wiwa

239. *we- “fall” Nah. wetsi Hch. we, weyá

240. *wéɨra-(w) ”dove/pigeaon” Nah. wilo- Hch. wéurai 241. *wésɨw “willow/slender leafed tree” Nah. wexo- “willow” Hch. we:xu “acacia” Cr. wáaseh “laurel/sauce”;

242. *we-tsiu-pí “male turkey” Nah. wecho-, wexo-, chompi, (tsopi:-lo:tl > tsopí-ráwe? “turkey-predator”?) Hch. tsiu pi pi pi “sound turkeys make” War. tsiwí

243. *wétsa “thorn” Nah. wets/wits War. wehtsa 244. *wewe “tremble”

Nah. wewe-yoka Cr. rú-biweh

245. *wéyi “big”

236b

• weyiya

“grow” Nah. we:yi Cr. be’é Hch. váiya(me) “gordo”

Nah. we:yiya Hch. veríya

246. *wi “rain/precipitation”

229b.

• wi

“year”

• yawi

“precipitation”

53.

• kɨyawi

“rain”

Hch. wiyéeri “llover” Cr. biite “llúvia”, mebiíhiye “llueve”

Nah. xiwitl Hch. wiyari, witari

Nah. kiyawi “rain”, sepayawi “hail”, a:yawi “fog”, Wah. pawi

Nah. kiyawi “rain” Cr. che:vime/che:vinta “ort des Regens”, che:vi “Regengötter” (Preuss) Hch. kiéwiexa “tiempo de llúvias”

247. *wi- “go/carry”

238b.

• wikC-

“marry” Nah. wi-:ka, ya-wi, -tiwi/-to, -kiwi, pano, tlehko, ehko,

Nah. tlawi:kal “husband” <*ta-wi:ka-ri Hch. wikíiya “casarse con una mujer” 248. *wika “coa, digging stick” Nah. wik- Hch. wiká “pichueca para escarbar” War. wíka

249. *wɨsi “affinal kin” Nah. wexi “co-parent in-law” Hch. víxi “esposa del tio”

250. *wité- “strike, cut” Nah. witeki Hch. witéya, wité “cortar con hacha”, witekíe “cortado”

251. *witsɨkɨ “bird” Nah. witsiki “colibrí”, witzilin “colibri” Cr. wiskɨ “vulture” Hch. wirɨkɨ “vulture”

252. *wipí “net, woven cloth” Nah. wipil “blouse” Hch. wipí “red”, “hair net” 253. *yáori/*yahori “heart/live”

253b

• yáori-kami

“animal/living thing” Nah. yo:l-lo, yo:li Hch. iyaari, yuuri “estar vivo crecer” Cr. ruuri, ruhuuri “vivir”, ruh- Yq. hiápsa “vivo”, hiapsi “corazón” < *yaposa; yore “persona” < *yaho-re War. yorí “mestizo”

Nah. yo:lka- Cr. rúurikame “alma, vida” Yq. yóawa

254. *yawi “blue/purple” Nah. yawi “blue corn”, yayawik “blue” Hch. yuawi “blue”

255. *ya-wi “go/walk” Nah. yawi Hch. yéi-ya, yéi “moverse, andar, caminar” (Grimes et al. 1981) Cr. naanúye'ibe “yo puedo andar” (McMahon & McMahon 1959: 149) War. yapí quickly ‣ Miller 1996: 412

256. *yawí/*ráwe “predator/coyote”

Nah. o:se-lo:tl, koyo: < kawi-yawi Hch. yaawi, kauyau-mari (Young coyote trickster deity), Cr. ɨra’awe “wolf”, kwa’ɨra’awe “eagle”,

257. *ye- “be/sit” Nah. ye- Hch ya/ye (nepéeye “lo senté”, páayáa “se sentó encima de algo”, páayerɨni “se va a sentar”) yása “poner”

258. *yéka/*yáka “nose, point” Nah. yeka E. Nah. yaka Hch. yée.caráu ”pico de ave” (Grimes et al. 1981: 128)

259. *yéwaka “avocado” Nah. yewaka- E.Nah. awaka < ewaka Hch. yeuka Cr. yauhka, yéuhka

260. *yɨmeni “soft” Nah. yemani Hch. yumeni

261. *yɨwa “black/night” Nah. yo:wal- “night”, yo:wak “at night” Hch. yɨwe ”black”

262. *yíwaka “tremble” Nah. wewe-yoka Yq. yoóa “temblar” Hch. yɨyɨakari, yɨaka