Proto-Nahuatl lexicon

Proto-Nahuatl Lexicon

Proto-Nahuatl	Spanish Meaning	English Meaning	pre-Nahua	pre-Nahua gloss	Cognates
xo-	de los pies	foot	kasí-wa	foot+al.pos
ama	papel amate	ficus paper	hama(?) (otomian loan)	paper, ficus
ami	cazar	hunt	ami	hunt
atla-	atlatl	spearthrower	ata-	spearthrower
atemi	piojo	louse	até-mɨ	louse+pl
ate	testiculo	testicle	até-ri	testicle+abs
a:	agua	water	ha	water
a:l	agua	water	ha-ri	water+abs
ahas	ala	wing	ha-haro	rdpl+large.bird
ye	frijoles	beans	hai	beans
yexo	ejote	string bean	hai-siwi	bean+plant
aka	carrizo	reed	haka	reed
aki	entrar, meter	enter, insert	haki	enter
aki	arroyo, rio	stream, river	ha-kí	water+house
a:kin	alguién, quién	who, someone	haki-mɨ	who+pl
ahko	arriba	up	hako	up
ahkokwi	subir en hombros	lift on shoulder	hako-kwei	up+take
akosilin	camarón, acamaya	shrimp, crayfish	ha-kosi-ri-mɨ	water-shrimp-abs-col
amox	libro	book	hama-wa-(t)si	ficus/paper+al.pos+dim
a:meyal-	manantial,	spring	ha-meya-ri	water+flow+pass
a:miki	sed	thirst	ha-mɨki	water+die
a:na	agarrar	grab	hana	grab
a:pitsa	rociar, tener diarrhea	spray, have diarrhea	ha-pítsa	water+blow
a:ltia	bañar	bathe	hári-tɨa	water+caus
alo:	guacamayo, papagayo	parrot, macaw	haro	macaw, large bird
asta-	garza	heron	háro-ta	heron+?
ahsi	alcanzar, llegar	reach, catch (vb.)	hasí	reach
axolo:	salamandra, ajolote	salamander, tadpole	ha-sihori-wV	water+salamander+?
atlapal	ala	wing	hatá-páɨri	broad+pad/instrument
atekox	jaguey, deposito de agua	reservoir	ha-teko-ri	water-
a:to:ya	río	river	ha-toya	water+flow
ach	semilla, hermano mayor	seed, elder brother	hátsi	seed
aska	hormiga asquel	small ant	ari-tsɨka	small+ant
achkaw	hermano mayor, líder	elder brother, leader	hátsi-ká-wa	older.brother+agent+al.pos
achto	primero	first	hátsi-to	first+?
ahwa	regañar	scold	hawa	say
awech	rocío	dew	ha-wétsi	water+fall
a:wewe	ahuehuete	Montezuma cypress	ha-wewe	water+old
awi	tia	aunt	hawi	aunt
a:yo:	jugo	juice,	ha-yáwa	water+abstr
a:yawi	neblina	mist	ha-yawi	water+precipitation
a:yoh	calabaza	squash	hayáwi	squash
ayakach	sonaja	rattle	hayáwi-káitsi	squash+rattle
a:yo:	tortuga	turtle	hayéwi	turtle
ayo:-to:ch	armadillo	armadillo	hayéwi-taótsi	turtle+rabbit
ye:yi	tres	three	hayi	three
yehwa/yeha	él/ella pronombre 3.sg.	it/she/he	hehawa/heha	that one
yek	derecho, recto	straight	héika	straight
yexka:n	derecho (lado)	right side	héisi-kana	straight+place
yehyeka	viento	wind	héka	wind
ehkawi	sombra	shade	heká-wi	cool+vblzr
yankwi:k/yenkwi:k	nuevo	new	henkwaí-ko	new+adj
yes/es	sangre	blood	era	blood
yel- /il-	hígado, pensamiento	liver, thought	héri/hɨri	seat of thought
yetik	pesado	heavy	héti-ko	heavy+adj
etsal	maíz hervida	boiled maize	hetsa-ri	sow+abs
yehame/yehwan/yahan	ellos/ellas	they	hɨ-ha-me	3+dem.pl
yeha/yehwa/yaha	pronombre 3.sg.	he/she/it	hɨ-hewa	3+dem
ihiyex	pedo, excremento	fart, excrement	hi-hɨya-yi	something+stink+?
i:	beber, tomar líquido	drink	hi	drink
ihkwiloa	pintar/escribir/rayar	paint/write/stripe	hi-kwiri-wa	something-line-vblzr
ihkwiloa	escribir, dibujar	write, draw (vb.)	hi-kwírí-wa	something+line+vblzr
ihnekwi	olfatear, oler	smell (perceive), olfaction	hɨ-nekwi	stink+smell(perceive)
yepa/epa	zorrillo	skunk	hɨpá	skunk
petla	petate	mat	hi-péta	something+mat
ihsa	despertar	wake up	hɨsá	wake.up
i:x	ojo, cara	eye, face	hɨsi	eye/face
ixiptlah	imagen, representación	impersonator	hɨsi-pe-ta	eye/face+priv+?
i:xtelol	ojo	eye, eyeball	hɨsi-telo-ri	eye/face+ball+abs
tlachkwa	escarbar	dig	hitá-hátsi-koha	something+dig+dig
tlahpaloa	saludar	greet	hita-hi-páɨré-wa	sth+sth+instr+vblzr
tla-oa	desgranar maiz	degrain maize	hita-hora	something+degrain
tlao:l	grano de maíz	maize grain	hita-hora-ri	something+degrain+pass
tlaken	ropa, prenda	clothing	hita-kémi	something+cloth
ihtlakoa	dañar	damage	hita-kó-wa	something.acc+hurt+vblzr
tlamatki	sabío	wise person	hita-máti-kaí	something+know+ag
tlamachtia	estudiar	study	hita-matsi-tɨa	something+know+caus
tlanewi	dar prestado	lend	hita-neɨwia	something+lend
itlani	pedir	ask, petition for	hi-tani	something+ask.for
tlapal	rojo pigmento	red paint, cinnabar	hita-pá-ri	something+colour+pass
tlapech	cama, tapeste	bed,	hita-pétsi	something+flat?
tlapoa	abrir	open	hita-póa	something+open
tlapo:china	escarmenar	card, untangle, make fluffy	hita-pótsíi-na	sth-fluffy+vblzr
tlasohtla	amar, desear, querer	love, desire	hita-saóhta	something+desire
tlasolli	basura, suciedad	dirt, waste, trash	hita-saóri	something+waste
tlaxkal	tortilla	tortilla	hita-siká-ri	something+roast+pass
tlatwi	amanecer, volverse visible	dawn, become visible	hitá-tewí	something+be.seen
tlatki	posesión	possession	hitá-tɨkí	something+carry
tlachpana	barrer	sweep	hita-tsipá-na	something+clean+vblzr
ihtona	sudor	sweat	hi-táwina	something+heat
ihtoa	hablar	speak (vb.)	hi-téwa	something+say.tr
ihtotia	bailar	dance	hi-tɨ́wi-tɨa	something+dance+caus
ihwi	pluma	feather, down	hiwí	feather
ihyaka	apestar, heder	stink, smell badly	hɨ-yaka	stink+smell(emit)
ihiyo:	aliento	breath	hi-yaóri	breath+heart
oh	camino	path, road	ho	path
o:me	dos	two	ho:-me	two+pl
oko	pino	pine	hoko	pine
okwilin	gusano	worm	ho-kwiri	path+line?
ihpiya	espiar, guardar	spy, stalk, guard	ho-pɨ́ya/hi-pɨ́ya	path+guard/sth+guard
opoch	deidad de caza, lado izquierdo	hunting deity, leftside	ho-pótsi	path+youth
o:l	moverse, ule	move, rubber	horo
olini	moverse	move	horo-ni	move+vblzr
ihte/ihti	estómago, panza, adentro	stomach, belly, inside	hotɨ́	stomach
ihtek	dentro de	inside	hotɨ́-ko	stomack+loc
ots	embarazada	pregnant	hótsa	full, inflated
ohwi	difícil	difficult	ho-wi	path+pos
ilaka	doblar	fold	ila-ka	turn+vblzr
i:lo:ti	torcer, dar vuelta	twist, turn	ila-wa-ti	turn+vblzr+vblzr
nelwa	raíz	root	inieri-wa	root+al.pos
ele:wia/ile:wia	querer, desear	want, desire, wish	ɨri-e-wia	desire+poss+provide
elka:wa/ilka:wa	olvidar	forget	ɨri-ka-wa	desire+leave
elimiki	trabajar	work	ɨri-miki	desire+die
elnamiki/ilnamiki	recordar	remember	ɨri-namiki	desire+meet
elpotsa	eructar	burp	ɨri-póotsa	liver+inflate
elteki	servirse	serve food	ɨri-teki	liver+cut
eliwis	sin consideración	inconsiderately, wantonly	ɨrɨ-wi-sV	desire+appl-fut?
istla:ka	secreto	secret	ɨtsa-ka	secret+nmlzr
ichtaka-	secretamente	in secret	ɨtsi-taka	secret+manipulate
ichteki	robar	steal	ɨtsi-taki	secret+manipulate
yo:l	vida	life	iyaóri	life
yo:lka	animal	animal	iyaóri-ka	life+ag
yo:llo:/yo:lloh	corazón	heart	iyaóri-yáwa	life+abstr
kak	sandalía, huarache	sandal, footwear	kákai	sandal
kamak	boca, mejilla	mouth, cheek	kama-ka	cheek+nmlzr
kamoh	camote	sweet potato	kamáwi	sweet.potato
ahmo	no	no, not	ka-mó	neg+dub
koyo:	coyote	coyote	kaó-yáwɨ	canine+predator/warrior
kapolin	cereza	cherry	kapóri	ball+abs
kal	casa	house	kári	house
kalaki	entrar adentro,	enter inside,	kári-hakí	house+enter
kallo	cascarón,	shell, bark	kári-yáwa	house+abstract
ikxi	pie	foot, lower leg	kasí	foot
ke:s	pierna	thigh	kási	leg
ahtle	nada, ninguna cosa	nothing	ka-tai	neg+something
kah/kat	estar	be (in a place)	kátɨ	be
ka:wa	dejar	leave	ka-wa	be+vblzr.tr
ka:wi	duración, tiempo	time, duration	ka-wi	be+vblzr
ka:wia	dejar	leave sth	ka-wi-a	be+appl+vblzr
kosah	mangosta	huron	káwi-sah	canine+?
ketsoma	morder	bite	ke-tsoma	bite-?
ketsol	talón del pie	heel	ke-tsóri	stand+snout
kwawi	árbol	tree	kɨhawi	tree, stick
ihkak	parado (estar)	stand	kɨka-ko	stand+adj
kimichin	ratón	mouse	ki-mɨtsi-me	house+moustache+pl
sepa-yawi	nieve	snow	kɨpá-yawi	cold+precipitation
ikpi	luciernaga	firefly	kɨpí	firefly
kopi	luciernaga	firefly	kɨpí	firefly
kili/keli	quelites	edible greens	kɨri	greens
ki:sa	salir	exit, depart	kí-sa	house+vblzr
ketsa	levantar	stand up	ke-tsa	stand+vblzr(intr)
ketsal	Quetzal/pluma larga y verde	Quetzal bird / long green feather	ketsa-ri	stand+pass
ke:ch	cuello, forma de palo	neck, stick-shape	kɨ́tsi	stick
kechkemi	quechquemitl	poncho	kɨtsi-kemi	neck+cloth
kiyawi	llúvia	rain	kɨ-yawi	rain+precipitation
ko:wa	comprar	buy	ko:wa	buy/win
ko:wa	víbora, serpiente	snake	ko:-wa	snake+?
koko:k	picante	spicy	ko=ko-ko	rdpl=hurt+adj
kwa	cabeza, frente	head, forehead	kóha	forehead
kokoa	enfermarse, tener dolor	hurt, be sick	koko-wa	hurt+vblzr
komal	comal	clay griddle	koma-ri	vessel+abs
komi-/kon	olla	pot	ko-mi	pot+pl
komo:l	ravín, depresion del terreno	depression, hollow, gully	komi-wa-ri	pot+vblzr+pass
kone:	hijo, niño	child	kone:	kin
ikne:lia	hacer bien, tener cariño	favor,	koné-ɨria	kin+think
ikno:	huérfano	orphan	koné-wa	kinsman+al.pos
ikni:w	hermano/hermana	sibling	koní-wa	kinsman+al.pos
ikpa	hilo	thread	kopá	top/hair
-ikpak	cima, arriba	top, above	kopá-ko	top/hair+loc
ikpal	asiento	seat	kopá-ri	top+abs
koltik	corvado	curved, hook-shaped	kóri-tɨ-ko	curve+abs+adj
kolo:	alacrán	scorpion	koroi	arachnid/scolopendra
ko:ska	collar	necklace	kósa-ka	yellow+nmlzr
kosamalo:	arco iris	rainbow	kosa-ma-rawi	nacreous+?+precipitation
kostik	amarillo	yellow	kósa-ti-ko	yellow+rel+adj
kochi	dormir	sleep	kotsi	sleep
koyame	javelina	peccary	koya-me	peccary+pl
koyo:ni	agujerar	bore, make hole	koyo-ni	hole+vblzr
koyol	coyol, cascabel	bell	koyo-ri	shell+abs
koyok	agujero	hole	koyo-wa	hole+vblzr
kwa:	comer	eat	kwaha	eat
kwaw-	águila	eagle	kwahɨ	eagle
kwal-	bueno	good	kɨwá-ri	good+abs
ikwsi	madurarse, cocerse	ripen, become cooked	kwasí	ripen, cook
kwach	capa, tela	cloak, cloth	kwátsi	cloth
kweyi	falda, enagua	skirt, underskirt	kwáyi	skirt
kwi:	agarrar, quitar	take, remove	kweí	take
kwechoa	moler (polvo)	grind (to powder)	kweí-tsiwa	dust+make
kwetspalin	lagartija, iguana	lizard, iguana	kwetsa-pári-me	lizard+flat+pl
kweya	rana	frog	kweya	frog
kwi:ka	cantar	sing	kwika	sing
kwikwil	rayas, obsidiana o jaspe rayada	stripes, striped obsidian	kwi-kwíri	rdpl+stripe
kwixin	halcón	hawk	kwísi-me	hawk-pl
kwitla	excremento	excrement	kwita	excrement
kwitlapan	espalda	back	kwita-páni	excrement+on
kwitlapil	cola	tail	kwita-pɨ́ri	excrement+appendage
kwitlax	cuero	leather,	kwita-si	excrement+skin
ma:ka	dar	give	ma:ka	give
ma:taka	tocar, rascar, manosear	touch, scratch, fondle	ma:-taka	hand+manipulate
ma:(i)	mano	hand	ma:-yi	hand+inal.pos
mahpil	dedo	finger	mah-pɨ́ri	hand+appendage
mahtlak	diez	ten	mah-tlaka	hand+body
me	maguey	agave	mai	maguey
meka	cuerda, mecate	rope, cord	mai-ka	maguey+nmlzr
mekapal	mecapal	tumpline	mai-ka-pari	maguey+nmlzr+flat
malaka	malacate	spindle whorl	ma-ila-ka	hand+turn+nmlzr
malakachoa	girar	spin	ma-ila-ka-tsiwa	hand+turn+nmlzr+make
me:x/mi:x	nube	cloud	maɨ́si	cloud, vapour
mochi	todo	all	maɨtsi	all
mayawe:l	deidad de maguey y pulque	Maguey deity	mai-yawa-ri	maguey+abstract+abs
ma:kpal	palma de la mano	palm of hand	ma-ko-pári	hand+loc+flat
ma:kwil	cinco	five	ma-kwei-ri	hand+take+pass
mani/mana	extender, dispersar	extend, spread out	mani/mana	extend horizontally
mo:stla	mañana	tomorrow	maosa-ta	tomorrow+loc
mapach	mapache	raccoon	ma-pátsi	hand+?
ma:l	cautivo	captive	mári	hand+abs
masa:	venado	deer	masá	deer
matla	red	net	matá	net
mati	saber	know	mati	know
mach	al parecer, conocimiento	apparently, knowledge	mátsi	know
metla	metate	grindstone	meta	grindstone
metlapil	mano del metate	grindstone pestle	meta-pɨ́ri	grindstone+attachment
me:ts	luna	moon	metsa	moon
wehka	lejos, distante	far, distant	mɨhka	far
mi-	flecha	arrow	mɨi	arrow
mina/mini	picar, perforar	pierce, perforate	mɨí-na/ni	arrow+vblzr
miyak	mucho	many, much	mɨíya	many, much
miki	morir	die	mɨ́ki	die
miktla:n	inframundo de muertos	death realm	mɨ́ki-tana	dead+loc.poss
mil	campo de maíz	maize plantation	mɨ́ra	maize
mis-	felino	feline	mɨ́sa	feline
michin	pez, pescado	fish	mɨ́tsi-me	catfish/moustache+pl
miyawa	espíga de maíz	maize tassel	mɨ́ya-wa	maize.tassel+al
momolotsa	hacer espuma	make foam	mo=moro-tsa	rdpl=foam+vblzr
mo:n	yerno	son in-law	móne	son in-law
mo:l	mole, salsa hervida	sauce	móro-	sauce
moloni	burbujear al hervir	boil, bubble	móro-ni	bubble, foam+vblzr
mo:tla	apedrear	stone, throw stones	mota	throw
ma:ni	brotar, manar (liquido)	spring, flow (liquid)	maanei
a:ma:nte:ka	trabajador de pluma	feather worker	n/a	n/a
kaxitl	plato	plate, flat bowl	Totonac loan	n/a
naka	carne	meat, flesh	naka	opuntia.pad
nakas	oreja	ear	nakasa	ear
neki	querer, desear	want, desire, like	naki	want
na:miki	encontrarse	meet	namiki	meet
nankilia	responder	answer	námikí-ria?
na:n	madre	mother	nána	mother
nanaka	hongo	mushroom	na-naka	rdpl=opuntia
nanaltsa/nanalka	ladrar	bark	na-nara-tsa/ka	rdpl+cry+vblzr
napaloa	abrazar	embrace, hug	napári-wa	embrace
nal	lado opuesto	other side	nari	other side
neloa	mezclar	mix	naro-wa	mix+vblzr
nex	cenizas	ashes	nási	ashes
ne:xtamal	nixtamal	nixtamal	nasi-tɨma-ri	ashes+steam+pass
-na:wak	junto a	close to	nawa-ko	root+loc
nawal	nagual	sorcerer	nawá-ri	steal+abs
na:wa-tia	responder, mandar	respond, order	nawa-tia	announce+caus
nawi	cuatro	four	nawi	four
nohpal	nopal	nopal pad	náwo-pári	opuntia+flat
no:ch-	tuna	prickly pear	náwo-tsi	opuntia+point
nemaka/namaka	vender	sell	ne-maka	rcpr+give
nemi	vivir, andar	live, walk around	nemi	walk
nene	vágina	vulva	nene	tongue(?)
nenepil	lengua (de la boca)	tongue	nene-pɨ́ri	tongue+appendage
ne:l	verdadero	truth	nieri	see
ne:si	aparecer	appear	nieri	see
neha/nehwa/naha	yo	I	nɨ-hewa	1Sg+dem
no:ka	hablar	speak	nio-ka	speak+vblzr
no:tsa	hablar a alguién	speak to someone, address	nio-tsa	speak+vblzr.tr
okich	hombre adulto, varón	adult man	oki-tsi	man+nmlzr
omi	hueso	bone	omɨ	bone
olo:	olote	center of corn cob	ora-(ri)-wa	degrain+pas-al.poss
o:l	hule	rubber	oro	ball
ose:lo:	jaguar	jaguar	ouse-rawɨ	big.cat+predator
owa	caña	cane	owa	cane
pa:ki	alegre, estar feliz	happy, be	pa:ki	be.happy
pa:ti	derritir	melt (vb.)	pa:-ti	water+vblzr
pah	medicina, veneno	medicine, poison	páha	medicine
pahti	curar	cure, heal	páha-ti	medicine+vblzr
pal	instrumento, cosa plana	tool, flat thing	páɨre	tool/pad.shape
pale:wia	ayudar	help	páɨré-wia	flat.tool+supply
pesoh-	tejón/coati	coati	páisɨwi	coati
pa:ka	lavar	wash	pá-ka	water+vblzr
pan	en, sobre	on	[[]]-pá-na	up+loc.poss
panawia	sobrepasar	surpass (vb. tr.)	pána-wia	on+supply
pani	arriba	up	pá-ni	on-loc
-pampa	causa	cause	[[]]-páni-pa	up+loc
panoa	pasar, cruzar (vb tr.)	pass, cross (vb tr.)	páni-wa	on+vblzr
pano	pasar, cruzar	pass, cross (vb intr.)	páni-wi	on+move
papatlaka	aletear	flutter wings	pa-pátla-ka	rdpl+become.broad+vblzr
polaki	clavarse al agua	dive in	pári-haki	water+enter
paltik	mojado	wet	pá-ri-tɨa	water+abs+caus
patla	hacer trueque, cambiar	swap, change	páta	swap
patla:ni	volar	fly	páta-ni	broad+vblzr
patla:wa	ancho, volverse	become broad	páta-wa	broad+vblzr
patoa	jugar al azar	play game of chance	pátiwa	price+vblzr
pati:w	precio, premio	price	páti-wa	price+al.pos
pato:lli	juego de azar	game of chance	páti-wa-ri	price+al.pos+abs
patsa:wa	aplastar, hacer pulpa	mash	pá-tsa-wa	on-vblzr-vblzr
pach	heno	moss	pátsi	on-dim
pachoa	apretar, aplastar	press,	pá-tsiwa	on.top+make
pa:tska	exprimir	squeeze our liquid	pátso-ka	squeeze+vblzr
peyo:	peyote	peyote	peo-yáwa	peyote+abstr
petla:wa	hacer liso	make smooth, flatten	péta-wa	flat-vblzr
pe:wa	empezar, quitar, hacer soltar	begin, detach, peel	pé-wa	priv+vblzr
pi:tsa	soplar	blow	pí:tsa	blow, make thin
pi:tsawak	angosto, delgado	thin	pí:tsa-wa-ko	thin+vblzr+adj
pipiyolin	abeja	bee	pɨ=pɨ́yi-wari-me	rdpl=bee+?+pl
pi:ts-	semilla, hueso de fruta	seed (of fruit)	pɨɨ́tsV	seed
piya	guardar, tener	guard, keep, hold	pɨ́ra	hold/tie
pil	bebé, niño	baby, child	pɨ́ri	appendage
ilpia	atar, amarrar	tie, bind	pɨrí-ha	hold/tie+vblzr
pilka	colgado, estar	hanging, be	pɨ́ri-ka	appendage+vblzr
piloa	colgar, estar pegado a	hang, be attached	pɨ́ri-wa	appendage+vblzr
pitso	jabalí	peccary	pítsa-wa	blow-al.pos
pitsoa	besar	kiss	pɨ̒tse-wa
po:k	humo	smoke (n.)	pó:ka	steam+vblzr
potsa	inflar	inflate	pó:-tsa	steam+vblzr
popo:ka	humear	smoke (vb)	po-pó:-ka	rdpl+steam+vblzr
-po:l	trunco, cortado	stub	póri	stub
poloa/poliwi	destruir, perecer	destroy, dissappear,	póri-wa/wi	stub+vblzr
poliwi			pori-wi
poloa			poro-wa
posa:wa	hincharse	swell	pósa:-wa	swell+vblzr
posoni	hervir	boil	póso-ni	boil+vblzr
posol	pozole	pozole stew	póso-ri	boil+pass
po:cho:	ceiba	kapok/cottonwood tree	pótsíi-wa	fluffy+al.poss
pochteka	mercader	merchant	pótsi-teka	ceiba+gentility
ilwia	decir	tell (vb.)	rewí-ha	say.intr+vblzr
ilwika	cielo	sky	rewíka	sky
sayolin	volar	fly	sai-hori	fly+flying.insect
saka	zacate	grass	saka	grass
iski	esquite, maíz tostado	roast maize kernels	sakí	roast (vb.)
so:lin	codorniz	quail	saori-me	quail+pl
ixwa/iswa	hoja	leaf/to sprout	sawá	leaf
se:/se:n	uno	one	se:mi	one
sese:k	frio	cold	se=se-ko	rdpl+cold+adj
sepowa	entumecerse	become numb	sek-pówa	cold+?
sewi/sewia	apagarse, apaciguarse	calm, become cold	sek-wi	cold+vblzr
se:l	sólo, solitario	alone, only	se-ri	one+abs
se:+wi/a	frio, estar	cold, be	se-wi	cold+vblzr
xa:mi	adobe	adobe	siha-mi	sand+pl
xa:l	arena	sand	siha-ri	sand+abs
xoko:k	agrio	sour	sihɨ-ko-ko	sour+adj+adj
xolo:	compañero, paje	companion, page	siho-rawɨ	star+predator
xeloa/xeliwi	dividir	divide	siɨ-ri-wa/wi	split+pass+vblzr
ixka	tostar	roast	siká	roast (vb.)
xikal	jícara	bowl	si-kari	skin/peel+container
itskal	sóbaco, axila	armpit	siká-ri	arm+abs
xik	ombligo, cuerda umbilical	navel, umbilical cord	síku	navel
sen /sin	maíz	maize	sɨ́nɨ	maize
siwa:	mujer, hembra	woman, female	sɨ́ni-wa	wife+ali?
xo:lo:	deidad de venus	venus deity	sió-rawɨ	star+predator
xoloch	arruga, pliegue	wrinkle, fold	sióro-tsi	fold+small
sitla:lin	estrella	star	sɨ́otari-me	minor.star.twin+pl
xipewa	pelar, desollar	peel, flay	si-pé-wa	skin/peel+priv-vblzr
xi:lo	jilote	baby corn	síra-wa	jilote+al.pos
xitlani	resbalar, deslizarse	slide,	sitani	slide, slip
iste/isti	uña, garra	nail, claw	sɨtɨ́	nail/claw
xito:ma	jitomate	tomato	si-toma	skin+tomato
xo:chi	flor	flower	síwa-tsi	flower
xok-	olla	pot	síwe-ka	pot+nmlzr
xiwi	hierba, planta	herb, plant	siwi	plant
sih-	liebre	hare	sɨwi	hare
xoko	fruta	fruit	siwi-ko
xonaka	cebolla	onion	síwɨ-naka	onion+opuntia.pad
xo:pan	temprada de llúvia	rainy season	síwi-páni	plant+on
xo:tla	brotar, florear, destellar	bloom, flash,	siwi-ta	leaf+vblzr
xiwi	año	year	siwi-wi	plant?+year?
siyawi	mojarse	become wet (vb)	sɨyawi	wet
so	ensartar, perforar	insert, pierce	so	pierce
sih-	abuela (materna)	grandmother (maternal)	su	grandmother (maternal)
tla:kati	nacer	be born	ta:ka-ti	ta:ka+vblzr
tle/tay	algo, lo que	something, what, that	tahi
tlehko	subir	ascend	tahika-wi	?+vblzr
tlekwili	fogón, hogar	fireplace	tahi-kwi-ri
to:san	tuza	gopher	tahó-sa-me	rodent+mid?+pl
tle	fuego, lumbre	fire	tai	fire
tleko:l	carbón	coal, charcoal	tai-kóa-ri	fire+eat+pass
tlakil	fruto	fruit	taki-ri	give.fruit+pass
tlako	bastón	staff	tako	stick
tlakoch	lanza, dardo	spear, dart	takó-tsi	stick+point
tlakwatsin	tlacuache	opossum	takwatsi
tamachi:wa	medir	measure	tama?-tsiwa	measure+do
tla:n	diente	tooth	táme	tooth
tlawito:l	arco (arma)	bow	ta-mɨi-tori	something+pierce+reed
tlan	abajo de	under, at	[[]]-tá-na	loc+loc.pos
tlani	abajo	down	[[]]-táni	loc+loc
tla:nkwa:	rodilla	knee	táno-kwa	knee+head
to:ch	conejo	rabbit	tao-tsi	rodent+small
tlap:ana	quebrar	break	tapana	break
tlaloa	correr	run	tara-wa	foot+vblzr
tlatla	quemarse	burn (vb. intr.)	tata	burn
tlatlawki	rojo	red	ta-tawi-kai	rdpl+light+perf
tlatia	quemar	burn (vb. tr.)	tati-a	burn+vblzr
te:ch	junto a	by, beside	[[]]-ta-tsi	loc/acc+loc/acc
tlach-	juego de pelota	ballgame	tátsi	ballgame
tlawa:na	emborracharse	drunk, become	tawáa-na	be.drunk+vblzr
toto:li	guajolota	turkey hen	táwari	turkey.hen/egg
tloh	halcón	hawk	táwi	hawk
tlok	cerca de	close to	táwi-ko	torso+loc
to:na	calentar	heat (vb)	táwi-na	light+vblzr
to:nal	dia, sol	day, sun	táwina-ri	calentar+pass
tonalmiyo/tonalmeyo	rayo de sol	sun ray	táwina-ri-mɨi-yawa	heat+pass+arrow+abstract
tlawil	luz	light	tawí-ri	sun/light+abs
te	piedra, roca	stone, rock	te	stone
te:ikka:w	hermano menor	younger brother	te:-ku-ká-wa	someone+little.brother +agent+al.pos
tehame/tehwan	nosotros	we	tehame	1p.pl. Pron
tekpatl	pedernal	flint	teka-pa	vitreous.rock+flat?
teki	cortar	cut	teki	cut
tekoma	tecomate	gourd vessel/calabash	te-koma	stone?+vessel
tekolo:tl	búho	owl	teko-rawɨ	owl+predator
tekw-	señor, dueño, líder	lord, chief	tekowa	owner/chief
tema	cocer o bañarse al vapor	cook or bathe in steam	tema	steam/bake
tamal	tamal	tamal	tema-ri	steam+pass
temaskal	temazcal	steambath	tema-sV-kari	steam-fut?-house
temo	bajar	descend	tema-wi
temiki	soñar	dream	temɨki	dream
te:n	labio, orilla	lip, edge	téni	mouth
te:mpotsa		pout	téni-pótsa	lip+inflate
tepe:	cerro, montaña	hill, mountain	tepe	tall
tekpin	pulga	flea	te'pi-me	louse+pl
topoh	pescadito	small fish	tepo	fish
teponas	tambor de tronco	log drum	tepo-na-sa	cut+vblzr+nmlzr
tepos	metal, cobre	metal, copper	tepo-ra	cut+instr?
tepol	truncado, tronco	stub, trunk	tepo-ri	cut+pass
texkal	peñasco, horno	cliff, rock overhang, oven	teri-kari	rock-house
texolo	tejolote	pestle	tesi-wa-riwa	grind+pass+instr
osto	cueva	cave	tesó	cave
teska	espejo de obsidiana	obsidian mirror	téso-ka	cave+nmlzr
teskatlipoka	Tezcatlipoca (deidad)	Tezcatlipoca (deity)	tesoka-tɨ-poka	mirror-abs-youth
teson	tezontle	porous volcanic rock	tesoni	porous volcanic rock
tetel	montículo, piramide	stone mound, pyramid/temple	te-teri	rdpl+rock
techalo:	ardilla	squirrel	tetsi-(arVwV?)
tew	polvo	dust	tewa	dust, earth
itta	ver	see (vb.)	tewá	see (vb.tr.)
sow, plant, bury	toka	sembrar, plantar, enterrar	téwa-ka	dust/earth+vblzr
to:ka	nombrar	name (vb.)	téwa-ka	name+vblzr
to:kayi	nombre	name	téwa-ka-yi	name+nmlzr+inal
itwi	amanecer, volverse visible	dawn, become visible	tewí	see (vb.unacc)
tla:sa	tirar, lanzar	throw	tɨasa	throw
tla:l	tierra	earth, ground, soil	tɨha-ri	earth+abs
tla:lia	poner	put, place sth.	tɨhari-a	earth+vblzr
tlalok	deidad	deity	tɨhari-wa-kai	earth+pos+ag
teha/tehwa/taha	tú	you (sg,)	tɨ-hewa	2sg. Pron
tiyankis	mercado, tianguis	market	tɨiya-nV-kí-sa	sell+?+house+instr?
tikatla	media noche	midnight	tɨka-ta	night+loc
itki	cargar (cosas pequeñas)	carry (small things)	tɨkí	carry (small things)
temoa	buscar	search	tɨmá-wa	see+vblzr
tlil-	tizne	soot	tɨ́ri	soot
tila:na/tela:na	jalar	pull	tɨ́ra-hana	child?/foot?+grab
teliksa	patear	kick	tɨri-kesa-[[]]	foot?-step.on
te:lpoka/te:lpoch	muchacho, joven	young man	tɨri-po-ka/tsi	boy+peer+nmlzr
tilmah	capa	cloak	tɨroma	cloak
ti:sa	gis	chalk	tɨ́sa	chalk
tesi/tisi	moler (en metate)	grind (on grind stone)	tɨsi	grind
teo:	sol, deidad	sun, deity	tɨ-yaw	1p.pl.poss+father
teosiwi	hambre	hunger	tɨyaw-siwi	deity+sickness
to:ya:wa	derramar, verter	spill, overflow	to:ya-wa
toma:wa	engordecerse	become fat	toma:-wa	belly+vblzr
to:lin	tule	cattail reed	tori-me	cattail+pl
ista-	sal	salt	tosa	white
istak	blanca	white	tosa-ko	white+adj
to:ska	voz, garganta	voice, throat	toso-ka
to:to:	pájaro	bird	toto	beautiful?
tsa:wa	hilar	spin	tsa:wa	spin
tsapa	tilapia, mojarra	tilapia	tsapá	fish
tsa:yana		split	tsaya-na	split+vblzr
chi:ya	mirar, observar	watch (vb.)	tseí-ya	watch+vblzr
tsakwa	cerrar	close	tsekwa	close, make stick
its-	filo de obsidiana	obsidian knife	tsɨ	point
chi:wa	hacer	do, make	tsí:wa	do
chichikas	chichicaztle	stinging nettle	tsi=tsika-sa	rdpl+ant+?
chalchihui	turquesa	turquoise	tsiari-siwi	sand+plant
ichka	algodón	cotton	tsiká	cotton? Down
tsika	hormiga	ant	tsɨ́ka	ant
chika:wa	fortalecer	become strong	tsika-wa	??
tsekawas-	peine	comb	tsɨka-wasa	comb+instr
itskwin	perro	dog	tsɨkɨí-me	dog+pl
chikol	gancho, garrote	hook, elbow	tsiko-ri	crooked+abs
chikwase:n	seis	six	tsiko-se	crooked+one
tsekwini/tsikwini	brincar, correr	jump, run	tsɨkwinai	jump
chimal	escudo	shield	tsi-ma-ri	point+hand+abs
tsopa	limpiar	clean	tsipá	clean
chipa:wa	limpio	clean	tsipá-wa	clean+vblzr
chipa:wak	limpio	clean	tsipá-wa-ko	clean+vblzr+adj
ichpoka/ichpoch	muchacha, joven	young woman	tsi-pó-ka/tsi	point?+peer+nmlzr
chi:l	chile	chili	tsi-ri	singe+abs
chichin:a	mamar	suckle	tsitsi-na	suckl+vblzr
chichi:k	amargo	bitter	tsi-tsípɨ-ko	rdpl+bitter+adj
chichi:wa:l	seno, pecho de mujer	breast	tsitsi-wari	suckle+basket
cho:ka	llorar	cry	tsiwaka	cry
tsohpilo:	zopilote	vulture	tsiwi-pɨ-rawɨ	male turkey+predator
choloa	huir	flee	tsiwi-riwa?
chiye	chía	chia	tsiya-hai	grease+bean
chapolin	chapulín	grasshopper	tsiya-pori-me	grease+flying.insect-pl
chiyawa	grasa	grease, fat	tsiyawa	grease
tsohtsoma	coser	sew	tsoma	sew
tsompil	moco	mucus, snot	tsoma-pɨri	mucus+attachment
tsomi	vello	body hair,	tsomi	body hair
tsontekoma	cabeza, cráneo	head, skull	tsomi-tekoma	hair+vessel
tsotsona	pegar	hit, slap	tsona	hit
tsonkal	cabello	hair	tsoni-kari	hair+house
tsopi	terminar, cerrar un lienzo	finish a woven cloth	tsopa	finish
tsoponi/tsopona	clavar, picar, insertar	insert, pierce	tsopo-ni	sit
tsotsopas	pala (para tejer)	batten	tsotso-pari	cloth+tool
tsohtsol	ropa, tela, textil	cloth, textile, clothes	tsotso-ri	cloth+pass/abs
tsinaka/tsonaka	murciélago	bat	tsú-naká	dog+ear
tsitsimi	monstruo esqueletal	skeletal monster	tsu-tsumi	rdpl-bone
tsa:pa	chaparro, enano	short person, dwarf	tsaapa	short person
tla:ka	hombre, persona	man, human, person	taaka	human
tlahka	tarde, atardecer	late, afternoon	taakai	late
waki	secarse	dry, become	wa-ki	dry (intr.)
wexo:	sauce	willow	wasiwe	willow
watsa	secar	dry (vb.tr)	wa-tsa	dry (tr.)
waw-	amaranto	pigweed	wawe	amaranth
awiwitska	golondrina	swallow	wawitska	swallow
wets/wits	espina	thorn	wetsa	thorn
wetsi	caer	fall	wetsi	fall
wecho	guajolote	male turkey	we-tsiwi	big+male turkey
wexolo	guajolote	male turkey	we-tsiwi-rawɨ	big+male turkey +predator
we:we	viejo	old	we-we	rdpl+old
we:weh	viejito	old man	we-wet	rdpl+old
we:yi	grande	big	weyi	big
wi:ka	llevar	bring	wi:-ka	move+vblzr
wi:ts	llegar, venir	arrive,come	wi:-tsa	move+vblzr
wik	coa	digging stick	wika	digging stick
wi:k	hacia	towards	-wi-ko	all+loc
wilo:	huilota, paloma	pigeon, dove	wiro	pigeon
wipil	blusa	blouse	wipíri	net+abs
wila:na/wela:na	jalar	pull	wɨra-hana	?-grab
wexi	consuegro	co-parent in-law	wɨsi	affinal kin
witeki	golpear	beat, hit	wite-ki	hit+vblzr
wits/wets	espina	thorn	wɨtsa	thorn
witsili	colibrí,	hummingbird	wi-tsɨrɨ	bird+bird
yaw	pericón	marigold	yawi	precipitation
yawi	ir	go	ya-wi	be/sit+move
yao:-	enemígo, guerrero	enemy, warrior	yawɨ-wa	predator+al.poss
ye	ser	to be	ye	be
ye	madre	mother	ye	mother
yeka(tsol)	naríz	nose	yeka-tsori	nose+snout
yekoa	intentar, practicar, probar	try, practice, taste	yeki-wa	try+vblzr
awaka/ewaka	aguacate	avocado	yewa-ka	skin+nmlzr
ya:wi	maíz azul	blue corn	yɨawi	blue
yemani	calientito, placentero, suave	leasant, soft, luke warm	yɨmani	luke warm
ye:lo:	elote	fresh corn cob	yɨra-wa	sprout+al.poss
yo:wal	noche	night	yɨwa-ri	become.dark+pass
ihsiwi	tener prisa	hurry	[[]]	hurry
awa	espina, ahuate	prickly hair/thorn	[[]]
ahwiya	aromatico	fragrant	hawí+hɨya+ko
alawa	volverse baboso	become slimy	[[]]
apis	necesidad, hambre, avaricia	need, hunger, greed	[[]]
awa	encino	oak
awia	sentir placer, jugar	feel pleasure, play	háwi-ya
awil	juguete	toy	háwi-ri
axka:i	posesión, pertenencia	belonging, property	[[]]
axka:n	ahora	now	[[]]
ayi	hacer	do	[[]]
cha:n	casa, hogar	home	[[]]
chicha	saliva	spittle	[[]]
chikiwi	chiquihuite, cesto	basket	tsikiwi
ilama	viejita	old woman	[[]]
iskali	criar	raise, give sustenance	sɨká-ri
itsmolini	retoñar	sprout anew	[[]]
iwa	mandar	send	[[]]
iwinti	inebriarse, intoxicarse	become inebriated	[[]]
ixwia	llenarse	become full/satisfied	[[]]
kahkayawa	engañar	cheat	[[]]
kakalo	cuervo	crow	[[]]
kakawatl	cacao	cacao/cocoa	[[]]
kaki	escuchar, oír	hear	[[]]
katsawa	ensuciar	become dirty	[[]]
kimil	bolsa, costal	sack	[[]]
kopal	incienso de copal	incense	[[]]
kopil	corona, diadema	crown, headdress	[[]]
koto:na/koto:ni	cortar	cut off	[[]]
kots	tobillo	lower leg, ankle	[[]]
kwa:lani	enojarse	be angry	[[]]
kwepa	volver, regresar, voltear	return, turn around	[[]]
mama/meme	cargar	carry	[[]]
masewa/masewi	merecer	deserve	[[]]
mawi	miedo, respeto	fear, respect	[[]]
maya:na	hambre	hunger	[[]]
mayawa/mayawi	esparcir	scatter	[[]]
me:ya	fluir	flow	[[]]
mela:wa	enderezar, ser verdad	straighten, be true	[[]]
mets	pantorilla	calf	[[]]
miyak/miek	mucho(s)	many, much	mɨiya+ko
ne:n	vanamente, en balde	vainly	[[]]
nekw	nectar, miel, aguamiel,	nectar, honey, sweet sap	[[]]
nempo	mudo, tartamudo	mute, stutter	[[]]
niman	entonces	then	[[]]
ok	pulque	pulque	Huastec loan?
oxi	exudación de la piel		[[]]
palani	podrirse	rot	[[]]
papalo:	mariposa	butterfly	papa+rawɨ
pina:wa	tener pena	become ashamed	[[]]
poa	limpiar	clean	píwa
poxakwa	búho, lechuza	owl	otomian loan
poxewa	podrir, ennegrecerse	become black/rotten	poʃ-e:wa (poʃ an otomian loan)
sawa	grano de la piel	boil of the skin, grain, pox	[[]]
selia	recibir, aceptar	receive	[[]]
selik	tierno	tender	[[]]
seliya	enternecerse	become tender, fresh	[[]]
siwis-	enfermedad	disease	[[]]
soki	lodo	mud	[[]]
tamasolin	sapo	toad	tema-sori-mɨ
tanah	tanate	basket for tortillas	loan?
te:ka	acostar	lay	[[]]
temi	llenar	fill	[[]]
tena	gemir	moan	[[]]
tenami	pared, barda	wall	te-nami
tepitsin/tepito:n	pequeño	little	[[]]
tepitstik	duro	hard	[[]]
tepol	tronco cortado	stub	tepo-ri
tepontik	trunco	stubby, stubbed	tepo-na-ti-ko
tepots	espalda, lomo	back	[[]]
tetsawi	asombro	wonder	[[]]
tisi	curadora, partera	curer, midwife	[[]]
titlani	mandar	send	[[]]
tlahko	mitad	half	[[]]
tlami	terminar	finish	[[]]
tlatskan	cedro, ciprés	cypress, cedar	[[]]
tlawe:li	odio, ira	hate	[[]]
tlayel	excremento, suciedad	excrement, filth	[[]]
toka	seguir	follow	[[]]
toka	araña	spider	toka	spider
toma	desatar	untie	[[]]
tomoni	nacer ampollas	get blisters,	[[]]
totomoch	totomoxtle	dry maize leaves	[[]]
tsahtsi	gritar	yell	[[]]
tsapo	zapote	Sapotaceae /manilkara	[[]]
tsiki	pequeño, chiquito	little	[[]]
tsilini	sonar (como campana)	ring, resound	[[]]
tsin	base, fondo, diminutivo, honorifico	base, butt, honorific, diminutive	[[]]
tsipi	chipil	weaning child,	[[]]	Huastec loan, or from PSUA *tsupi
tsoka	mezquino	wart,	[[]]
tsopelik	dulce	sweet	[[]]
tsoyoni	freir	fry	[[]]
weli	poder	able	[[]]
weltiw	hermana	sister	[[]]
xa:wa	pintarse la cara	paint one's face	[[]]
xa:yak	cara	face	[[]]
xitini	romperse, estallar, collapsar	collapse,	[[]]
xixa	orines	urine	sisa
xomo	pato	duck	[[]]
yawaloa/yewaloa	rodear	surround, encircle	[[]]
ye:wa/e:wa	alzarse, desconectarse, sentarse, levantarse, irse	ascend, lift, peel, let go, get up, leave	[[]]
topil	bastón	staff	[[]]
kopini/kopina	desprender, quitar, sacar	disconnect, remove, take out	[[]]
top	caja	box, chest	[[]]
iskalia	revivir, animar, sustentar	revive, nurture, come to life	sɨkária
-siwi	padecer,	ail, be ill	-sɨ̒wi
mo-moh	buho	owl	mɨhɨ /muhu
ma:wi	temer, tener miedo	fear, be afraid	maha-wi
chi-chiltik	rojo	red	tsíra-tí-ko