Heart - Revision history

Jawad at 14:45, 29 January 2026

2026-01-29T14:45:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:45, 29 January 2026
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	<references/>		<references/>

	{{~~HOWTOCITE~~}}		{{how to cite}}

	[[Category: English entries]]		[[Category: English entries]]

Magnus: /* hikʷɨyawa /

2025-06-12T09:55:27Z

*hikʷɨyawa

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 12 June 2025
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	==''*hikʷɨyawa''==		==''*hikʷɨyawa''==
	[[File:Heart tree.png\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Tree of forms derived from ''*hikwɨyawa'']]		[[File:Heart tree.png\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Tree of forms derived from ''*hikwɨyawa'']]
	In PSUA ''[[hikʷɨyawa]]'' was a stem, composed of two roots ''[[hikwɨsɨ]]'' probably meaning "breath" and the suffix ''[[-yawa]]'', which seems to have been used to derive abstract nouns referring to something like an essence or the "property of being X", something like the suffix ''-ness'' in English, or indeed the cognate suffix ''-yo:tl'' in Colonial Nahuatl (Launey 19????). The literal meaning of PSUA ''hikʷɨyawa'' thus seems to have been something like "it's breathness" (inalienably possessed), referring to the life force of a living entity.		In PSUA ''[[hikʷɨyawa]]'' was a stem, composed of two roots ''[[hikwɨsɨ\|hikwɨ(sɨ)]]'' probably meaning "breath" and the suffix ''[[-yawa]]'', which seems to have been used to derive abstract nouns referring to something like an essence or the "property of being X", something like the suffix ''-ness'' in English, or indeed the cognate suffix ''-yo:tl'' in Colonial Nahuatl (Launey 19????). The literal meaning of PSUA ''hikʷɨyawa'' thus seems to have been something like "it's breathness" (inalienably possessed), referring to the life force of a living entity.

	In [[minor Sonoran]] this composite stem was reinterpreted as a root, and added the absolutive suffix ''-ri''. The unstressed medial vowel /ɨ/ was syncopated giving ''hikʷyawa-ri'', and the resulting consonant cluster /kʷy/ was resolved by deleting the /kʷ/ giving ''hiyawari''.		In [[minor Sonoran]] this composite stem was reinterpreted as a root, and added the absolutive suffix ''-ri''. The unstressed medial vowel /ɨ/ was syncopated giving ''hikʷyawa-ri'', and the resulting consonant cluster /kʷy/ was resolved by deleting the /kʷ/ giving ''hiyawari''.

Magnus: /* hikʷɨyawa /

2025-06-12T09:54:27Z

*hikʷɨyawa

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:54, 12 June 2025
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	==''*hikʷɨyawa''==		==''*hikʷɨyawa''==
	[[File:Heart tree.png\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Tree of forms derived from ''*hikwɨyawa'']]		[[File:Heart tree.png\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Tree of forms derived from ''*hikwɨyawa'']]
	In PSUA ''[[hikʷɨyawa]]'' was a stem, composed of two roots ''[[~~hikʷɨ(s)~~]]'' probably meaning "breath" and the suffix ''[[-yawa]]'', which seems to have been used to derive abstract nouns referring to something like an essence or the "property of being X", something like the suffix ''-ness'' in English, or indeed the cognate suffix ''-yo:tl'' in Colonial Nahuatl (Launey 19????). The literal meaning of PSUA ''hikʷɨyawa'' thus seems to have been something like "it's breathness" (inalienably possessed), referring to the life force of a living entity.		In PSUA ''[[hikʷɨyawa]]'' was a stem, composed of two roots ''[[hikwɨsɨ]]'' probably meaning "breath" and the suffix ''[[-yawa]]'', which seems to have been used to derive abstract nouns referring to something like an essence or the "property of being X", something like the suffix ''-ness'' in English, or indeed the cognate suffix ''-yo:tl'' in Colonial Nahuatl (Launey 19????). The literal meaning of PSUA ''hikʷɨyawa'' thus seems to have been something like "it's breathness" (inalienably possessed), referring to the life force of a living entity.

	In [[minor Sonoran]] this composite stem was reinterpreted as a root, and added the absolutive suffix ''-ri''. The unstressed medial vowel /ɨ/ was syncopated giving ''hikʷyawa-ri'', and the resulting consonant cluster /kʷy/ was resolved by deleting the /kʷ/ giving ''hiyawari''.		In [[minor Sonoran]] this composite stem was reinterpreted as a root, and added the absolutive suffix ''-ri''. The unstressed medial vowel /ɨ/ was syncopated giving ''hikʷyawa-ri'', and the resulting consonant cluster /kʷy/ was resolved by deleting the /kʷ/ giving ''hiyawari''.

Magnus at 09:41, 12 June 2025

2025-06-12T09:41:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:41, 12 June 2025
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	'''Heart and Breath''': In SUA and in PUA, words for "heart" are semantically related to words for "breath" and "life":		'''Heart and Breath''': In SUA and in PUA, words for "heart" are semantically related to words for "breath" and "life":

	For example, [[Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A Comparative Vocabulary. Flower Mound, TX: Shumway Family History Services and Rocky Mountain Books.\|Stubbs (2011]]#302) gives ''hikʷis'' "breath, spirit, heart". [[Voegelin, C. F., F. M. Voegelin & Kenneth L. Hale. 1962. Typological and comparative grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (phonology). (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics : Memoir, 17.) Baltimore: Waverly Press.\|Voeglin, Voeglin & Hale (1962]]:140) give ''hikʷɨ(sɨ)'' "to breathe" from cognates in Tohono O'odham (''ʔíibhɨ''), Hopi (''híkʷsɨ'') and Raramuri (''iwí''). In Nahuan we see that both the word for "breath" and for "heart" as well as for "to live" are derived from the proto-Corachol-Nahua root ''*hiyaori'', attesting to the cultural and semantic association between these words, also later on in the development of the SUA languages.		For example, [[Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A Comparative Vocabulary. Flower Mound, TX: Shumway Family History Services and Rocky Mountain Books.\|Stubbs (2011]]#302) gives ''hikʷis'' "breath, spirit, heart". [[Voegelin, C. F., F. M. Voegelin & Kenneth L. Hale. 1962. Typological and comparative grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (phonology). (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics : Memoir, 17.) Baltimore: Waverly Press.\|Voeglin, Voeglin & Hale (1962]]:140) give ''[[Hikwɨsɨ\|hikʷɨ(sɨ)]]'' "to breathe" from cognates in Tohono O'odham (''ʔíibhɨ''), Hopi (''híkʷsɨ'') and Raramuri (''iwí''). In Nahuan we see that both the word for "breath" and for "heart" as well as for "to live" are derived from the proto-Corachol-Nahua root ''*hiyaori'', attesting to the cultural and semantic association between these words, also later on in the development of the SUA languages.
	ʷ		ʷ
	This suggests that these roots participate in a semantic complex of words related generally to "life force", "soul", "animating principle". It seems this force has been located at different times and among different groups in the breath or in the heart. Also words for "[[blood]]" and "[[liver]]" participate in this complex, though they seem to be more related to "thought" and "emotions".		This suggests that these roots participate in a semantic complex of words related generally to "life force", "soul", "animating principle". It seems this force has been located at different times and among different groups in the breath or in the heart. Also words for "[[blood]]" and "[[liver]]" participate in this complex, though they seem to be more related to "thought" and "emotions".

Magnus: /* Cora? */

2025-04-28T13:20:57Z

Cora?

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 28 April 2025
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	===Cora?===		===Cora?===
	The Cora word for heart may be derived from sura. This has been proposed by Stubbs 2011:#1165. He argues that the /sɨé/ sequence of Meseño Náayeri ''/sɨéheniuˀukari/'' could be derived from sura as according to him Cora frequently loose intervocalic liquids.<ref>What I think actually happens in most of these cases is that the liquid is CVLV is metathesized to CVVL and the word final liquid becomes h. We see this in ''siari'' "sand" > ''seh'', and ''sauri'' "quail" > ''sauh''. This suggests that sura could become ''sɨah'', but since a-e sometimes vary in Corachol, it could also be ''sɨeh''.</ref> I am skeptical of this proposal, but it is not impossible.		The Cora word for heart may be derived from sura. This has been proposed by Stubbs 2011:#1165. He argues that the /sɨé/ sequence of Meseño Náayeri ''/sɨéheniuˀukari/'' could be derived from sura as according to him Cora frequently loose intervocalic liquids.<ref>What I think actually happens in most of these cases is that the liquid is CVLV is metathesized to CVVL and the word final liquid becomes h. We see this in ''siari'' "sand" > ''seh'', and ''sauri'' "quail" > ''sauh''. This suggests that ''sura'' could become ''sɨah'', but since a-e sometimes vary in Corachol, it could also be ''sɨeh''.</ref> I am skeptical of this proposal, but it is not impossible.

	There is another possible origin of this Cora word, namely that it is related to the root *''sɨ'' "heat, warmth, sustenance", found in the Cora word for "sun" and in many Wixárika words.		There is another possible origin of this Cora word, namely that it is related to the root *''sɨ'' "heat, warmth, sustenance", found in the Cora word for "sun" and in many Wixárika words.

Magnus: /* hikʷɨyawa /

2025-04-28T13:20:08Z

*hikʷɨyawa

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 28 April 2025
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	Proto-Tepiman: ''ibɨdaga-yi'' < ''híkʷɨyáwa''		Proto-Tepiman: ''ibɨdaga-yi'' < ''híkʷɨyáwa''
	:Tepehuano del Norte, Tupúri: ''ibuadɨ'' "corazón" (Carrillo & Estrada Fernández 2024:140)		:Tepehuano del Norte, Tupúri: ''ibuadɨ'' "corazón" (Carrillo & Estrada Fernández 2024:140)
			:Tepehuán del Norte, Baborigame: ''iibɨdagai'' "Corazón, lo que palpita, lo que siente emociones" (Bascom 1998:105)
	:Pima Bajo de Yepachi: ''ibdaga'' "corazón" (Estrada Fernández 1998:132)		:Pima Bajo de Yepachi: ''ibdaga'' "corazón" (Estrada Fernández 1998:132)
	~~:Tepehuán del Norte, Baborigame: ''iibɨdagai'' "Corazón, lo que palpita, lo que siente emociones" (Bascom 1998:105)~~

	===Tarahumara-Guarijío===		===Tarahumara-Guarijío===

Magnus: /* hikwɨyawa /

2025-04-28T13:18:40Z

*hikwɨyawa

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:18, 28 April 2025
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	Stubbs 2011:1165 relates Nahuan /''ʃil-la:n''/ <''xillān''> "breast, side" and /''ʃilo:-tɫ''/ <''xilō-tl''> "baby corn stalk". But PSUA ''su'' and PCN ''sɨ'' should give Nahuan /''se''/ or /''si''/, not /''ʃi''/. A better fit would be Nahuan ''se:lik'' "fresh, green, new", but the semantics do not match very well.		Stubbs 2011:1165 relates Nahuan /''ʃil-la:n''/ <''xillān''> "breast, side" and /''ʃilo:-tɫ''/ <''xilō-tl''> "baby corn stalk". But PSUA ''su'' and PCN ''sɨ'' should give Nahuan /''se''/ or /''si''/, not /''ʃi''/. A better fit would be Nahuan ''se:lik'' "fresh, green, new", but the semantics do not match very well.

	==''*~~hikwɨyawa~~''==		==''*hikʷɨyawa''==
	[[File:Heart tree.png\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Tree of forms derived from ''*hikwɨyawa'']]		[[File:Heart tree.png\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Tree of forms derived from ''*hikwɨyawa'']]
	In PSUA ''[[hikʷɨyawa]]'' was a stem, composed of two roots ''[[hikʷɨ(s)]]'' probably meaning "breath" and the suffix ''[[-yawa]]'', which seems to have been used to derive abstract nouns referring to something like an essence or the "property of being X", something like the suffix ''-ness'' in English, or indeed the cognate suffix ''-yo:tl'' in Colonial Nahuatl (Launey 19????). The literal meaning of PSUA ''hikʷɨyawa'' thus seems to have been something like "it's breathness" (inalienably possessed), referring to the life force of a living entity.		In PSUA ''[[hikʷɨyawa]]'' was a stem, composed of two roots ''[[hikʷɨ(s)]]'' probably meaning "breath" and the suffix ''[[-yawa]]'', which seems to have been used to derive abstract nouns referring to something like an essence or the "property of being X", something like the suffix ''-ness'' in English, or indeed the cognate suffix ''-yo:tl'' in Colonial Nahuatl (Launey 19????). The literal meaning of PSUA ''hikʷɨyawa'' thus seems to have been something like "it's breathness" (inalienably possessed), referring to the life force of a living entity.

Magnus at 13:16, 28 April 2025

2025-04-28T13:16:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:16, 28 April 2025
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	Southern Uto-Aztecan words for "'''heart'''", fall into two groups: those derived from ''[[#sura\|sura]]'' and those derived from ''[[#hikwɨyawa\|~~hikwɨyawa~~]]''. The forms are not neatly grouped, and indeed several groups have reflexes of both proto-forms, making it necessary to reconstruct both roots for PSUA, though they may have had different meanings, ''sura'' probably referred to the heart as physical organ, while ''~~hikwɨyawa~~'' referred to the heart abstractly as the animating force, or spirit, of living beings.		Southern Uto-Aztecan words for "'''heart'''", fall into two groups: those derived from ''[[#sura\|sura]]'' and those derived from ''[[#hikwɨyawa\|hikʷɨyawa]]''. The forms are not neatly grouped, and indeed several groups have reflexes of both proto-forms, making it necessary to reconstruct both roots for PSUA, though they may have had different meanings, ''sura'' probably referred to the heart as physical organ, while ''hikʷɨyawa'' referred to the heart abstractly as the animating force, or spirit, of living beings.

	'''Heart and Breath''': In SUA and in PUA, words for "heart" are semantically related to words for "breath" and "life":		'''Heart and Breath''': In SUA and in PUA, words for "heart" are semantically related to words for "breath" and "life":

	For example, [[Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A Comparative Vocabulary. Flower Mound, TX: Shumway Family History Services and Rocky Mountain Books.\|Stubbs (2011]]#302) gives ''~~hikwis~~'' "breath, spirit, heart". [[Voegelin, C. F., F. M. Voegelin & Kenneth L. Hale. 1962. Typological and comparative grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (phonology). (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics : Memoir, 17.) Baltimore: Waverly Press.\|Voeglin, Voeglin & Hale (1962]]:140) give ''~~hikwɨ~~(sɨ)'' "to breathe" from cognates in Tohono O'odham (''ʔíibhɨ''), Hopi (''~~híkwsɨ~~'') and Raramuri (''iwí''). In Nahuan we see that both the word for "breath" and for "heart" as well as for "to live" are derived from the proto-Corachol-Nahua root ''*hiyaori'', attesting to the cultural and semantic association between these words, also later on in the development of the SUA languages.		For example, [[Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A Comparative Vocabulary. Flower Mound, TX: Shumway Family History Services and Rocky Mountain Books.\|Stubbs (2011]]#302) gives ''hikʷis'' "breath, spirit, heart". [[Voegelin, C. F., F. M. Voegelin & Kenneth L. Hale. 1962. Typological and comparative grammar of Uto-Aztecan: I (phonology). (Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics : Memoir, 17.) Baltimore: Waverly Press.\|Voeglin, Voeglin & Hale (1962]]:140) give ''hikʷɨ(sɨ)'' "to breathe" from cognates in Tohono O'odham (''ʔíibhɨ''), Hopi (''híkʷsɨ'') and Raramuri (''iwí''). In Nahuan we see that both the word for "breath" and for "heart" as well as for "to live" are derived from the proto-Corachol-Nahua root ''*hiyaori'', attesting to the cultural and semantic association between these words, also later on in the development of the SUA languages.
			ʷ
	This suggests that these roots participate in a semantic complex of words related generally to "life force", "soul", "animating principle". It seems this force has been located at different times and among different groups in the breath or in the heart. Also words for "[[blood]]" and "[[liver]]" participate in this complex, though they seem to be more related to "thought" and "emotions".		This suggests that these roots participate in a semantic complex of words related generally to "life force", "soul", "animating principle". It seems this force has been located at different times and among different groups in the breath or in the heart. Also words for "[[blood]]" and "[[liver]]" participate in this complex, though they seem to be more related to "thought" and "emotions".

Magnus: /* Cora? */

2025-04-28T11:16:59Z

Cora?

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:16, 28 April 2025
Line 29:		Line 29:
	There is another possible origin of this Cora word, namely that it is related to the root *''sɨ'' "heat, warmth, sustenance", found in the Cora word for "sun" and in many Wixárika words.		There is another possible origin of this Cora word, namely that it is related to the root *''sɨ'' "heat, warmth, sustenance", found in the Cora word for "sun" and in many Wixárika words.

	Proto-Cora: ''sɨáh-~~niuˀukari~~'' < ''sura-~~nioka~~-ri''(?)		Proto-Cora: ''sɨáh-eniuˀukari'' < ''sura-enioka-ri''(?)
	* Mariteco (Chuisetyaaka/Kuáxa'taana): ''xáijnyu'kari'' ([[Muñíz López, Pedro. 2024. Xàjta'me: Náayeri Nyuukari. Mexico.\|Muñiz 2024]]); ''xaíjnyu'ucari'' ([[Casad, Eugene. 2019. Diccionario Cora de Jesús María, Borrador. (ms). Catalina, Arizona: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|Casad 2019]]).		* Mariteco (Chuisetyaaka/Kuáxa'taana): ''xáijnyu'kari'' ([[Muñíz López, Pedro. 2024. Xàjta'me: Náayeri Nyuukari. Mexico.\|Muñiz 2024]]); ''xaíjnyu'ucari'' ([[Casad, Eugene. 2019. Diccionario Cora de Jesús María, Borrador. (ms). Catalina, Arizona: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|Casad 2019]]).
	* Meseño (Yáujkéna): ''sʌéjeniu'ucari'' ''/sɨéheniuˀukari/'' ([[McMahon, Ambrose & Maria Aiton de McMahon. 1959. Vocabulario Cora. México, D.F. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|McMahon & McMahon 1959]]:26)		* Meseño (Yáujkéna): ''sʌéjeniu'ucari'' ''/sɨéheniuˀukari/'' ([[McMahon, Ambrose & Maria Aiton de McMahon. 1959. Vocabulario Cora. México, D.F. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|McMahon & McMahon 1959]]:26)

Magnus: /* Cora? */

2025-04-28T11:16:43Z

Cora?

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:16, 28 April 2025
Line 29:		Line 29:
	There is another possible origin of this Cora word, namely that it is related to the root *''sɨ'' "heat, warmth, sustenance", found in the Cora word for "sun" and in many Wixárika words.		There is another possible origin of this Cora word, namely that it is related to the root *''sɨ'' "heat, warmth, sustenance", found in the Cora word for "sun" and in many Wixárika words.

	Proto-Cora: ''~~sɨíh~~-niuˀukari'' < ''~~suúr~~-nioka-ri''(?)		Proto-Cora: ''sɨáh-niuˀukari'' < ''sura-nioka-ri''(?)
	* Mariteco (Chuisetyaaka/Kuáxa'taana): ''xáijnyu'kari'' ([[Muñíz López, Pedro. 2024. Xàjta'me: Náayeri Nyuukari. Mexico.\|Muñiz 2024]]); ''xaíjnyu'ucari'' ([[Casad, Eugene. 2019. Diccionario Cora de Jesús María, Borrador. (ms). Catalina, Arizona: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|Casad 2019]]).		* Mariteco (Chuisetyaaka/Kuáxa'taana): ''xáijnyu'kari'' ([[Muñíz López, Pedro. 2024. Xàjta'me: Náayeri Nyuukari. Mexico.\|Muñiz 2024]]); ''xaíjnyu'ucari'' ([[Casad, Eugene. 2019. Diccionario Cora de Jesús María, Borrador. (ms). Catalina, Arizona: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|Casad 2019]]).
	* Meseño (Yáujkéna): ''sʌéjeniu'ucari'' ''/sɨéheniuˀukari/'' ([[McMahon, Ambrose & Maria Aiton de McMahon. 1959. Vocabulario Cora. México, D.F. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|McMahon & McMahon 1959]]:26)		* Meseño (Yáujkéna): ''sʌéjeniu'ucari'' ''/sɨéheniuˀukari/'' ([[McMahon, Ambrose & Maria Aiton de McMahon. 1959. Vocabulario Cora. México, D.F. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.\|McMahon & McMahon 1959]]:26)

Heart - Revision history

Jawad at 14:45, 29 January 2026

Magnus: /* *hikʷɨyawa */

Magnus: /* *hikʷɨyawa */

Magnus at 09:41, 12 June 2025

Magnus: /* Cora? */

Magnus: /* *hikʷɨyawa */

Magnus: /* *hikwɨyawa */

Magnus at 13:16, 28 April 2025

Magnus: /* Cora? */

Magnus: /* Cora? */

Magnus: /* hikʷɨyawa /

Magnus: /* hikʷɨyawa /

Magnus: /* hikʷɨyawa /

Magnus: /* hikwɨyawa /